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      La marihuana. Entorno social y sus efectos nocivos en el producto in útero, en la niñez y en la adolescencia Translated title: Marijuana. Harmful effects of the social environment on the fetus, childhood, and adolescence

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          Abstract

          Resumen Se hace un análisis de la situación social y médica que actualmente enfrentan los niños y los adolescentes de México. El propósito de difundir los riesgos que tienen en la mujer embarazada, el producto de la gestación y la niña, niño o el adolescente, por consumir pasiva o activamente marihuana, en etapas tempranas de la vida. Asimismo, tratar de sensibilizar y actualizar a los estudiantes de medicina, a los médicos generales, médicos familiares, ginecoobstetras y pediatras sobre las consecuencias físicas, genéticas y neurológicas principalmente reportadas, en dichas poblaciones. A pesar de que existen numerosos informes en la literatura internacional sobre esta problemática, a nivel nacional los trabajos son escasos y por lo tanto las posibilidades de prevenir el daño en niñas, niños y adolescentes mexicanos son mínimas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract We analyze the social and medical situation that children and adolescents are currently living in Mexico. The purpose is to communicate the risks that pregnant women, children and adolescents are exposed to by passively or actively consuming marijuana. It also seeks to aware and update medical students, general practitioners, family physicians, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians about the physical, genetic and neurological effects reported in these populations. Although there are numerous reports in international literature related to this topic, national studies on the matter are scarce, minimizing the chances of preventing harm in Mexican children and adolescents.

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          Most cited references57

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          Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study.

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            Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies.

            Use of illicit drugs, particularly cannabis, by young people is widespread and is associated with several types of psychological and social harm. These relations might not be causal. Causal relations would suggest that recreational drug use is a substantial public health problem. Non-causal relations would suggest that harm-reduction policy based on prevention of drug use is unlikely to produce improvements in public health. Cross-sectional evidence cannot clarify questions of causality; longitudinal or interventional evidence is needed. Past reviews have generally been non-systematic, have often included cross-sectional data, and have underappreciated the extent of methodological problems associated with interpretation. We did a systematic review of general population longitudinal studies reporting associations between illicit drug use by young people and psychosocial harm. We identified 48 relevant studies, of which 16 were of higher quality and provided the most robust evidence. Fairly consistent associations were noted between cannabis use and both lower educational attainment and increased reported use of other illicit drugs. Less consistent associations were noted between cannabis use and both psychological health problems and problematic behaviour. All these associations seemed to be explicable in terms of non-causal mechanisms. Available evidence does not strongly support an important causal relation between cannabis use by young people and psychosocial harm, but cannot exclude the possibility that such a relation exists. The lack of evidence of robust causal relations prevents the attribution of public health detriments to illicit drug use. In view of the extent of illicit drug use, better evidence is needed.
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              The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study.

              The present study examined the developmental antecedents of illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. A 25-year prospective longitudinal study of the health, development, and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children. Measures included assessments of adolescent and young adult illicit drug use and abuse/dependence; cannabis use to age 25; measures of parental adjustment; measures of exposure to childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, and interparental violence; novelty-seeking; childhood and early adolescent adjustment and substance use; and affiliation with substance-using peers. Illicit drug use and abuse/dependence from ages 16 to 25 were significantly associated (all p values<.05) with a range of parental adjustment measures; exposure to abuse in childhood; individual factors; and measures of childhood and early adolescent adjustment. Analyses using repeated measures logistic regression models suggested that parental illicit drug use, gender, novelty-seeking, and childhood conduct disorder predicted later illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. Further analyses revealed that these pathways to illicit drug use and abuse/dependence were mediated via cannabis use, affiliation with substance-using peers, and alcohol use during ages 16-25. The current study suggested that the illicit drug use and abuse/dependence were associated with a range of early life circumstances and processes that put individuals at greater risk of illicit drug use and abuse/dependence. However, the use of cannabis in late adolescence and early adulthood emerged as the strongest risk factor for later involvement in other illicit drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                facmed
                Revista de la Facultad de Medicina (México)
                Rev. Fac. Med. (Méx.)
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina (Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico )
                0026-1742
                2448-4865
                December 2014
                : 57
                : 6
                : 27-37
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Mexico
                [1] DF orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pediatría México
                [2] DF orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pediatría México
                Article
                S0026-17422014000600027
                7c10f91a-4295-4979-b64e-e5fe18b91a97

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 February 2014
                : 24 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 62, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                Marihuana,embarazo,producto de la gestación,situación social,Marijuana,pregnancy,fetus,social situation

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