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      Inflammatory Nodules of the Leg

      review-article
      , M.D.
      Annals of Dermatology
      Korean Dermatological Association; The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology
      Inflammatory nodules, Lower leg

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          Abstract

          There is a group of diseases characterized by inflammatory nodules which generally located on the lower leg. They have certain clinical appearances in common, which often makes a differential diagnosis difficult or impossible on clinical grounds alone. There is a great variation in histopathologic appearance, which depends on the duration of the lesions and sites from specimens are obtained for biopsy. Therefore, separating and subclassifying inflammatory nodule lesions of the legs, based on the subtle clinical and histological variation, is not easy. Despite all these difficulties, a specific diagnosis can be made with an adequate clinic-pathologic correlation.

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          Most cited references37

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          Erythema nodosum and associated diseases. A study of 129 cases.

          Erythema nodosum (EN) is associated with many infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative prevalence of associated diseases in a large series of EN, and to review the previously described causes of EN. A total of 157 inpatients with a diagnosis of EN made in Strasbourg, France between 1960 and 1995 were studied retrospectively, but only 129 patients with confirmed EN were evaluated. A biopsy was taken in 30 patients with atypical clinical symptoms. Chest radiography, blood cell count, throat swab, and anti-streptolysin dosage were performed systematically. Viral investigations and serodiagnoses for various bacterial infections were carried out in approximately half of the patients. All investigations were analyzed retrospectively and compared with the world literature. The female: male ratio was 5 : 1 and the mean age was 31 years. We found 28% confirmed streptococcal infections, 11% sarcoidosis, 1.5% enteropathies, 1.5% Chlamydia infections, 0.8% Mycoplasma infections, 0.8% Yersinia infections, 0.8% hepatitis B, and 0.8% tuberculosis (one case). The causative factor could not be determined in 55% of patients. Our data confirm the predominance of streptococcal infections and sarcoidosis among patients with EN. Tuberculosis has virtually disappeared, since the last case was observed in 1962. Various viral or bacterial diseases are rarely associated with EN, but all patients were not thoroughly investigated. A large and prospective study should be performed in order to determine the true prevalence of associated diseases in EN. In the absence of specific symptoms, exhaustive investigations are not cost-effective.
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            Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa: a comprehensive review.

            Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa is a rare form of vasculitis relating to small-to-medium-sized arteries. Its etiology is unknown. Clinical manifestations include tender subcutaneous nodules, livedo reticularis, cutaneous ulcers and necrosis. Although it is distinct from systemic polyarteritris nodosa in that it lacks significant internal organ involvement, extra-cutaneous manifestations may be evident. Commonly encountered symptoms include fever, malaise, myalgias, arthralgias, and paresthesias. Exclusion of systemic polyarteritis nodosa is essential in diagnosis. The clinical course is chronic with remissions, relapses, and a favorable prognosis. Mild cases may resolve with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. If more severe, treatment with systemic corticosteroids generally achieves adequate response; however, adjunctive therapy is often necessary to allow reduction in steroid dosage.
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              Erythema induratum of bazin.

              Erythema induratum of Bazin is a chronic, nodular eruption that usually occurs on the lower legs of young women. It has been regarded as a manifestation of tuberculin hypersensitivity, a type of tuberculid occurring on the legs, whereas nodular vasculitis represents the nontuberculous counterpart. The number of reports of erythema induratum of Bazin is decreasing in most developed countries in accordance with the decreased incidence of tuberculosis. The etiopathogenesis of erythema induratum of Bazin and its relation to tuberculosis are still controversial, because mycobacteria cannot be cultured from the skin lesions. Most authors currently consider erythema induratum of Bazin (nodular vasculitis) a multifactorial disorder with many different causes, tuberculosis being one of them.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ann Dermatol
                Ann Dermatol
                AD
                Annals of Dermatology
                Korean Dermatological Association; The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology
                1013-9087
                2005-3894
                November 2012
                08 November 2012
                : 24
                : 4
                : 383-392
                Affiliations
                Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Kwang Hyun Cho, M.D., Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2072-2412, Fax: 82-2-742-7344, khcho@ 123456snu.ac.kr
                Article
                10.5021/ad.2012.24.4.383
                3505767
                23197902
                7b5e0bcb-5751-428e-b6cf-36a6166a9d33
                Copyright © 2012 The Korean Dermatological Association and The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Review Article

                Dermatology
                inflammatory nodules,lower leg
                Dermatology
                inflammatory nodules, lower leg

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