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      Intravital Microscopy Evidence That Methylene Blue Should Be a Vasopressor-Sparing Agent in Sepsis Vasoplegia

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          Abstract

          Microvasculature failure is expected in sepsis and at higher amine concentrations. Therefore, special attention focused individually on microcirculation is needed. Here, we present that methylene blue can prevent leukocytes from adhering to the endothelium in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemia. As hypothesis evidence, an intravital microscopy image is presented.

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          Catecholamine Vasopressor Support Sparing Strategies in Vasodilatory Shock.

          Shock syndromes are associated with unacceptably high rates of mortality in critically ill patients despite advances in therapeutic options. Vasodilatory shock is the most common type encountered in the intensive care unit. It is manifested by cardiovascular failure, peripheral vasodilatation, and arterial hypotension leading to tissue hypoperfusion and organ failure. Hemodynamic support is typically initiated with fluid resuscitation strategies and administration of adrenergic vasopressor agents in nonresponsive patients to restore arterial pressure with subsequent adequate organ reperfusion. Unfortunately, high catecholamine dosing requirements may be necessary to achieve targeted hemodynamic goals that may increase the risk of vasopressor-induced adverse events. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical efficacy and safety data and potential role in therapy for catecholamine-sparing agents in vasodilatory shock. Adjunctive therapeutic options to reduce vasoactive support requirements without compromising arterial pressure include arginine vasopressin and analogs, corticosteroids, midodrine, methylene blue, and angiotensin II. Although concomitant vasopressin and corticosteroids have a more defined role in evidence-based guidelines for managing shock, clinicians may consider other potential catecholamine-sparing agents.
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            Methylene blue administration in SIRS after cardiac operations.

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              Impact of methylene blue in addition to norepinephrine on the intestinal microcirculation in experimental septic shock.

              Methylene blue (MB) has been used with some success as a treatment for the vasoplegia of vasopressor-refractory septic shock. The putative mechanism of action of MB is the inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide within the microvasculature and improved responsiveness to endogenous catecholamines (norepinephrine (NE)). However, to date, no study has demonstrated the microcirculatory effect of methylene blue in septic shock. The objective of this randomized, controlled, animal study was to show, in an experimentally-induced, septic shock model in rats, the effects of MB and NE on global hemodynamics and the microcirculation. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was drastically reduced following bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) administration in animals not receiving vasopressors. Only the combination of NE + MB restored MAP to control levels by the end of the three hour experiment. Intravital microscopy of the microcirculation was performed in the terminal ileum in order to examine functional capillary density in intestinal muscle layers and the mucosa, as well as leukocyte activation in venules (rolling, adhesion to the endothelium). Untreated LPS animals showed a significant increase in leukocyte adhesion and a decrease in capillary perfusion in the intestinal microcirculation. In groups receiving NE or NE+MB, we observed a significant decrease in leukocyte adhesion and improved functional capillary density, indicating that microvasculature function was improved. This study suggests that methylene blue may be able to improve hemodynamics while preserving microvascular function in septic shock.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the workRole: or the acquisitionRole: analysisRole: or interpretation of data for the workRole: drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual contentRole: final approval of the version to be publishedRole: agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved
                Role: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the workRole: or the acquisitionRole: analysisRole: or interpretation of data for the work
                Role: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the workRole: or the acquisitionRole: analysisRole: or interpretation of data for the work
                Role: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the workRole: or the acquisitionRole: analysisRole: or interpretation of data for the workRole: drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual contentRole: final approval of the version to be publishedRole: agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved
                Role: Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the workRole: or the acquisitionRole: analysisRole: or interpretation of data for the workRole: drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual contentRole: final approval of the version to be publishedRole: agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved
                Journal
                Braz J Cardiovasc Surg
                Braz J Cardiovasc Surg
                rbccv
                Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular
                0102-7638
                1678-9741
                20 March 2024
                2024
                : 39
                : 3
                : e20230066
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ] Department of Biological Sciences, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence Address: Paulo Roberto B. Evora https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-946X Bandeirantes Av., 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Zip Code: 14049-900, E-mail: prbevora@ 123456fmrp.usp.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9631-946X
                Article
                01000
                10.21470/1678-9741-2023-0066
                10989190
                38569061
                7b065e43-09f0-418a-9c44-bdd5ea87c701

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 February 2023
                : 04 September 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: CAPES
                Award ID: 2017/21539-7
                Award ID: 2018/23718-8
                Funded by: FAPESP
                Award ID: 2019/21721-4
                Categories
                Brief Communication

                methylene blue,microcirculation,microvessels,endothelium,lipopolysaccharides

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