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      Requerimiento de riego y predicción del rendimiento en gramíneas forrajeras mediante un modelo de simulación en Tabasco, México Translated title: Irrigation requirements and yield prediction in forage grasses using a simulation model in Tabasco, México

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          Abstract

          La ganadería bovina es una de las actividades agropecuarias más importantes de la economía en Tabasco, México, se desarrolla en 1.5×10(6) ha, y se sostiene principalmente de pastizales que se cultivan en poco más del 50 % del territorio del estado. Actualmente esta actividad está afectada por múltiples factores, particularmente la sequía que se presenta entre marzo y mayo y genera escasez de materia seca. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar, mediante simulaciones con el modelo CROPWAT, los requerimientos de riego y la reducción del rendimiento de las gramíneas forrajeras cuando se cultivan en condiciones de temporal, riego y tres escenarios de precipitación (20, 50 y 80 % de probabilidad de excedencia). Se usaron datos diarios de precipitación y evaporación de 18 estaciones meteorológicas, información fenológica (coeficiente kc, duración de fases fenológicas y factor de respuesta del rendimiento) y referencias edafológicas del estado de Tabasco. El análisis de los resultados indica que la evapotranspiración del cultivo es mayor en el municipio de Villahermosa y en todas las localidades de abril a agosto. Todas las regiones presentan los valores menores de precipitación efectiva entre marzo y abril, los mayores requerimientos hídricos de marzo a mayo y con lluvia al 80 %. En condiciones de temporal los promedios estatales de reducción de rendimientos fueron 5.05 (normal) y 14 % (seco), y con riego deficitario fueron 2.27 (normal) y 3.21 % (seco). Para el escenario húmedo, con riego deficitario y bajo temporal los rendimientos se mantuvieron. En el estado de Tabasco, el riego suplementario es importante para no tener disminuciones en el rendimiento en los escenarios seco y normal.

          Translated abstract

          Cattle production is one of the most important agricultural/ livestock activities in Tabasco's economy, in México; it is carried out in 1.5×10(6) ha, and is sustained primarily with pastures that are cultivated in slightly more than 50 % of the state's territory. Currently this activity is affected by multiple factors, particularly the drought that takes place between March and May, generating dry matter scarcity. The objective of this study was to estimate, through simulations with the CROPWAT model, the irrigation requirements and yield reduction of forage grasses when cultivated in rainfed conditions, with irrigation and in three precipitation scenarios (20, 50 and 80 % probability of excess). Daily data for precipitation and evaporation from 18 meteorological stations were used, as well as phenologic information (coefficient kc, duration of phenologic phases and yield response factor), and soil references from the state of Tabasco. Analysis of the results indicates that evapotranspiration from the crop is greater in the municipality of Villahermosa and in all the locations from April to August. All the regions present the lowest values for effective precipitation between March and April, the greatest water requirements from March to May, and with rain at 80 %. Under rainfed conditions, the state averages for yield reduction were 5.05 (normal) and 14 % (unirrigated), and with deficit irrigation they were 2.27 (normal) and 3.21 % (unirrigated). Yields were maintained in the humid scenario, with deficit irrigation and under rainfed conditions. In the state of Tabasco, supplementary irrigation is important to avoid yield decreases in dry and normal scenarios.

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          GEPIC – modelling wheat yield and crop water productivity with high resolution on a global scale

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            Estimating irrigation water requirements in Europe

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              Short dry spells in the wet season increase mortality of tropical pioneer seedlings.

              Variation in plant species performance in response to water availability offers a potential axis for temporal and spatial habitat partitioning and may therefore affect community composition in tropical forests. We hypothesized that short dry spells during the wet season are a significant source of mortality for the newly emerging seedlings of pioneer species that recruit in treefall gaps in tropical forests. An analysis of a 49-year rainfall record for three forests across a rainfall gradient in central Panama confirmed that dry spells of > or = 10 days during the wet season occur on average once a year in a deciduous forest, and once every other year in a semi-deciduous moist and an evergreen wet forest. The effect of wet season dry spells on the recruitment of pioneers was investigated by comparing seedling survival in rain-protected dry plots and irrigated control plots in four large artificially created treefall gaps in a semi-deciduous tropical forest. In rain-protected plots surface soil layers dried rapidly, leading to a strong gradient in water potential within the upper 10 cm of soil. Seedling survival for six pioneer species was significantly lower in rain-protected than in irrigated control plots after only 4 days. The strength of the irrigation effect differed among species, and first became apparent 3-10 days after treatments started. Root allocation patterns were significantly, or marginally significantly, different between species and between two groups of larger and smaller seeded species. However, they were not correlated with seedling drought sensitivity, suggesting allocation is not a key trait for drought sensitivity in pioneer seedlings. Our data provide strong evidence that short dry spells in the wet season differentially affect seedling survivorship of pioneer species, and may therefore have important implications to seedling demography and community dynamics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                agro
                Agrociencia
                Agrociencia
                Colegio de Postgraduados (Texcoco, Estado de México, Mexico )
                1405-3195
                2521-9766
                November 2011
                : 45
                : 7
                : 745-760
                Affiliations
                [03] Huimanguillo Tabasco orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. México
                [02] Estado de México orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Chapingo. orgdiv1Irrigación. arteagar@ 123456correo.chapingo.mx
                [01] Durango Durango orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias. orgdiv1Campo Experimental Valle del Guadiana. ruiz.osias@ 123456inifap.gob.mx
                Article
                S1405-31952011000700001 S1405-3195(11)04500700001
                7ae44b3c-730e-4aa6-829b-6257021d85a3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : September 2011
                : March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Agua-suelo-clima

                evapotranspiration,effective precipitation,irrigation requirement,scenario,evapotranspiración,precipitación efectiva,requerimiento de riego,escenario

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