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      The high burden of injuries in South Africa Translated title: La gran carga de lesiones en Sudáfrica Translated title: Forte charge de morbidité due aux traumatismes en Afrique du Sud

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE To estimate the magnitude and characteristics of the injury burden in South Africa within a global context. METHODS: The Actuarial Society of South Africa demographic and AIDS model (ASSA 2002) - calibrated to survey, census and adjusted vital registration data - was used to calculate the total number of deaths in 2000. Causes of death were determined from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System profile. Injury death rates and years of life lost (YLL) were estimated using the Global Burden of Disease methodology. National years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by applying a ratio between YLLs and YLDs found in a local injury data source, the Cape Metropole Study. Mortality and disability-adjusted life years' (DALYs) rates were compared with African and global estimates. FINDINGS: Interpersonal violence dominated the South African injury profile with age-standardized mortality rates at seven times the global rate. Injuries were the second-leading cause of loss of healthy life, accounting for 14.3% of all DALYs in South Africa in 2000. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the leading cause of injury in most regions of the world but South Africa has exceedingly high numbers - double the global rate. CONCLUSION: Injuries are an important public health issue in South Africa. Social and economic determinants of violence, many a legacy of apartheid policies, must be addressed to reduce inequalities in society and build community cohesion. Multisectoral interventions to reduce traffic injuries are also needed. We highlight this heavy burden to stress the need for effective prevention programmes.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Calcular la magnitud y las características de la carga de lesiones en Sudáfrica y compararlas con las estimaciones mundiales. MÉTODOS: Para calcular el número total de muertes en el año 2000 se utilizó el modelo demográfico y de SIDA de la Sociedad Actuarial de Sudáfrica (ASSA 2002) -calibrado para datos de encuestas, censos y registros civiles-. Las causas de muerte se determinaron a partir del Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Mortalidad por Lesiones. Las tasas de mortalidad y los años perdidos por muerte prematura (APP) debido a lesiones se calcularon con el método de la carga mundial de morbilidad. Los años perdidos por discapacidad (APD) en el país se calcularon aplicando una razón entre los APP y los APD registrados en una fuente local de datos sobre lesiones: el Cape Metropole Study. Las tasas de mortalidad y los años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad (AVAD) se compararon con las estimaciones mundiales y africanas. RESULTADOS: En Sudáfrica, la causa predominante de lesiones fue la violencia interpersonal; las tasas de mortalidad por esta causa, normalizadas en función de la edad, fueron siete veces mayores que a nivel mundial. Las lesiones fueron la segunda causa de pérdida de años de vida sana, representando un 14,3% de la totalidad de los AVAD registrados en Sudáfrica en el año 2000. Los accidentes de tránsito son la principal causa de lesiones en la mayoría de las regiones del mundo, pero las cifras son mucho más elevadas en Sudáfrica (el doble de la tasa mundial). CONCLUSIÓN: Las lesiones constituyen un importante problema de salud pública en Sudáfrica. Es necesario abordar los determinantes sociales y económicos de la violencia, en buena parte heredados de las políticas de apartheid, con el fin de reducir las desigualdades sociales y cohesionar la comunidad. Asimismo, son necesarias intervenciones multisectoriales para reducir las lesiones por accidentes de tránsito. La gran carga de lesiones registrada destaca la necesidad de disponer de programas de prevención eficaces.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Estimer l'ampleur et les caractéristiques de la charge de traumatismes en Afrique du Sud par rapport à la situation dans le monde. MÉTHODES: Le Actuarial Society of South Africa demographic and AIDS model (ASSA 2002, calibré à l'aide de données d'enquête et de recensement et de données d'état civil ajustées) a été utilisé pour calculer le nombre total de décès au cours de l'année 2000. Les causes de décès ont été déterminées à partir du National Injury Mortality Surveillance System profile. Les taux de décès par traumatisme et les années de vie en bonne santé perdues ont été estimés par la méthodologie élaborée pour l'Etude sur la charge mondiale de morbidité. Le nombre d'années de vie vécues avec une incapacité pour l'Afrique du Sud a été calculé en appliquant aux nombres d'années de vie perdues par décès prématuré des taux provenant d'une source de données locale sur les traumatismes, la Cape Metropole Study¹. Les taux de mortalité et de DALY (nombre d'années de vie corrigées de l'incapacité) ajustés pour l'âge obtenus pour l'Afrique du Sud ont été comparés aux estimations correspondantes pour le continent africain et pour le monde entier. RÉSULTATS: Les violences interpersonnelles représentaient une composante dominante de la gamme de traumatismes relevée en Afrique du Sud, avec des taux de mortalité ajustés pour l'âge atteignant sept fois les taux mondiaux. Les traumatismes constituaient la seconde cause majeure de perte d'années de vie en bonne santé, avec 14,3 % de l'ensemble des DALY pour l'Afrique du Sud en 2000. Les traumatismes dus aux accidents de la circulation sont la cause principale de traumatismes dans la plupart des régions du monde, mais en Afrique du Sud leur taux est le double du taux mondial. CONCLUSION: Les traumatismes sont un problème de santé publique important en Afrique du Sud. Les déterminants socioéconomiques de la violence, dont un grand nombre sont un héritage des politiques d'apartheid, doivent être pris en compte pour réduire les inégalités au sein de la société et établir une cohésion communautaire. Des interventions multisectorielles pour faire baisser la fréquence des traumatismes dus au trafic routier s'imposent aussi. Nous attirons l'attention sur le poids des traumatismes pour souligner la nécessité de programmes de prévention efficaces.

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          Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa, 2000.

          This paper describes the first national burden of disease study for South Africa. The main focus is the burden due to premature mortality, i.e. years of life lost (YLLs). In addition, estimates of the burden contributed by morbidity, i.e. the years lived with disability (YLDs), are obtained to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); and the impact of AIDS on premature mortality in the year 2010 is assessed. Owing to the rapid mortality transition and the lack of timely data, a modelling approach has been adopted. The total mortality for the year 2000 is estimated using a demographic and AIDS model. The non-AIDS cause-of-death profile is estimated using three sources of data: Statistics South Africa, the National Department of Home Affairs, and the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System. A ratio method is used to estimate the YLDs from the YLL estimates. The top single cause of mortality burden was HIV/AIDS followed by homicide, tuberculosis, road traffic accidents and diarrhoea. HIV/AIDS accounted for 38% of total YLLs, which is proportionately higher for females (47%) than for males (33%). Pre-transitional diseases, usually associated with poverty and underdevelopment, accounted for 25%, non-communicable diseases 21% and injuries 16% of YLLs. The DALY estimates highlight the fact that mortality alone underestimates the burden of disease, especially with regard to unintentional injuries, respiratory disease, and nervous system, mental and sense organ disorders. The impact of HIV/AIDS is expected to more than double the burden of premature mortality by the year 2010. This study has drawn together data from a range of sources to develop coherent estimates of premature mortality by cause. South Africa is experiencing a quadruple burden of disease comprising the pre-transitional diseases, the emerging chronic diseases, injuries, and HIV/AIDS. Unless interventions that reduce morbidity and delay morbidity become widely available, the burden due to HIV/AIDS can be expected to grow very rapidly in the next few years. An improved base of information is needed to assess the morbidity impact more accurately.
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            World development report, 1993: investing in health

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              The global burden of injuries.

              The traditional view of injuries as "accidents", or random events, has resulted in the historical neglect of this area of public health. However, the most recent estimates show that injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world. They affect all populations, regardless of age, sex, income, or geographic region. In 1998, about 5.8 million people (97.9 per 100,000 population) died of injuries worldwide, and injuries caused 16% of the global burden of disease. Road traffic injuries are the 10th leading cause of death and the 9th leading cause of the burden of disease; self-inflicted injuries, falls, and interpersonal violence follow closely. Injuries affect mostly young people, often causing long-term disability. Decreasing the burden of injuries is among the main challenges for public health in the next century--injuries are preventable, and many effective strategies are available. Public health officials must gain a better understanding of the magnitude and characteristics of the problem, contribute to the development and evaluation of injury prevention programs, and develop the best possible prehospital and hospital care and rehabilitation for injured persons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                September 2007
                : 85
                : 9
                : 695-702
                Affiliations
                [01] Tygerberg orgnameMedical Research Council orgdiv1Burden of Disease Research Unit South Africa
                [02] Tygerberg orgnameCrime, Violence and Injury Lead Programme South Africa
                Article
                S0042-96862007000900015 S0042-9686(07)08500915
                10.2471/blt.06.037184
                18026626
                7a979e72-9232-49f7-938f-8d9405d7df51

                History
                : 29 January 2007
                : 26 January 2007
                : 11 January 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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                Research

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