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      Tratamiento farmacológico de la obesidad en niños Translated title: Pharmacological treatment of child obesity

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          Abstract

          El tratamiento de la obesidad es un problema complejo, y los cambios en el estilo de vida no siempre tienen resultados satisfactorios, por lo que se han utilizado diversos fármacos para tratar de combatirla y algunos han mostrado ser efectivos. Entre estos medicamentos se encuentran aquellos que suprimen el apetito, los que incrementan el gasto energético, y los que modifican la absorción o el metabolismo de macronutrimentos. Sin embargo, algunos de ellos, a pesar de haber sido aprobados, han tenido que ser retirados del mercado debido a su asociación con efectos adversos graves. En la actualidad, de los utilizados para bajar de peso, solamente 2 de ellos se encuentran aprobados en población pediátrica: orlistat y sibutramina. El tratamiento farmacológico no ha mostrado efectividad por sí mismo, ya que se trata de una enfermedad multifactorial que requiere involucrar la modificación de los hábitos de alimentación, incrementar la actividad física o de terapia conductual. Aún quedan diversas interrogantes por resolver, como: seguridad de los medicamentos a largo plazo, forma de evitar la recuperación de peso secundaria a cualquiera que sea la intervención utilizada, eficacia de un fármaco sobre otro, tiempo óptimo de inicio, y la duración necesaria del tratamiento. Debido a lo anterior, se sugiere reservar el tratamiento farmacológico a pacientes con comorbilidades asociadas, que no hayan respondido a un programa estructurado de reducción de peso, que comprendan las limitaciones y efectos adversos de los medicamentos y la necesidad de continuar con los cambios en el estilo de vida.

          Translated abstract

          The treatment for obesity is a complex problem and changes in life style not always render satisfactory results. For this reason different drugs have been used to lose weight and some of them have shown to be effective. Among these drugs, are those that suppress appetite, increase energy expenditure and others that modify nutrient absorption or metabolism. Nevertheless, some of them in spite of been approved, have been withdrawn of the market due to their association with serious and adverse effects. Nowadays, from all drugs used to lose weight, only 2 are approved for pediatric age: orlistat and sibutramine. The pharmacological treatment has shown ineffectiveness by itself, because obesity is a multifaceted disease that requires the modification of eating habits, increase in physical activity and/or a behavior therapy. Many questions still remain to be solved: safety of long term-effect, forms to avoid subsequent weight regain after any intervention, effectiveness, optimal time of beginning and duration of treatment. In conclusion, all these issues suggest to keep the pharmacological treatment for patients with associated comorbidities and who have not responded to a structured weight loss program, and counseling to understand the limitations and drug adverse effects, as well as the need to continue with changes in life style.

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          Most cited references70

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          Meta-analysis: pharmacologic treatment of obesity.

          In response to the increase in obesity, pharmacologic treatments for weight loss have become more numerous and more commonly used. To assess the efficacy and safety of weight loss medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other medications that have been used for weight loss. Electronic databases, experts in the field, and unpublished information. Up-to-date meta-analyses of sibutramine, phentermine, and diethylpropion were identified. The authors assessed in detail 50 studies of orlistat, 13 studies of fluoxetine, 5 studies of bupropion, 9 studies of topiramate, and 1 study each of sertraline and zonisamide. Meta-analysis was performed for all medications except sertraline, zonisamide, and fluoxetine, which are summarized narratively. The authors abstracted information about study design, intervention, co-interventions, population, outcomes, and methodologic quality, as well as weight loss and adverse events from controlled trials of medication. All pooled weight loss values are reported relative to placebo. A meta-analysis of sibutramine reported a mean difference in weight loss of 4.45 kg (95% CI, 3.62 to 5.29 kg) at 12 months. In the meta-analysis of orlistat, the estimate of the mean weight loss for orlistat-treated patients was 2.89 kg (CI, 2.27 to 3.51 kg) at 12 months. A recent meta-analysis of phentermine and diethylpropion reported pooled mean differences in weight loss at 6 months of 3.6 kg (CI, 0.6 to 6.0 kg) for phentermine-treated patients and 3.0 kg (CI, -1.6 to 11.5 kg) for diethylpropion-treated patients. Weight loss in fluoxetine studies ranged from 14.5 kg of weight lost to 0.4 kg of weight gained at 12 or more months. For bupropion, 2.77 kg (CI, 1.1 to 4.5 kg) of weight was lost at 6 to 12 months. Weight loss due to topiramate at 6 months was 6.5% (CI, 4.8% to 8.3%) of pretreatment weight. With one exception, long-term studies of health outcomes were lacking. Significant side effects that varied by drug were reported. Publication bias may exist despite a comprehensive search and despite the lack of statistical evidence for the existence of bias. Evidence of heterogeneity was observed for all meta-analyses. Sibutramine, orlistat, phentermine, probably diethylpropion, bupropion, probably fluoxetine, and topiramate promote modest weight loss when given along with recommendations for diet. Sibutramine and orlistat are the 2 most-studied drugs.
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            Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy.

            Congenital leptin deficiency is a rare, but treatable, cause of severe early-onset obesity. To date, two United Kingdom families of Pakistani origin carrying a frameshift/premature stop mutation, c.398delG (Delta133G), and one Turkish family carrying a missense mutation, c.313C>T (Arg(105)Trp), have been described. Affected subjects are homozygotes and manifest severe obesity and hyperphagia accompanied by metabolic, neuroendocrine, and immune dysfunction. The effects of recombinant leptin therapy have been reported in three children with the Delta133G mutation, and in all cases this has led to a dramatic resolution of clinical and biochemical abnormalities. We now report a Canadian child, of Pakistani origin but unrelated to the previously reported subjects, presenting with severe hyperphagia and obesity, who was found to be homozygous for the Delta133G mutation. In this child, 4 yr of therapy with sc injections of recombinant leptin provided additional evidence for the sustained beneficial effects of leptin replacement on fat mass, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. In addition, leptin administration corrected abnormal thyroid biochemistry and allowed the withdrawal of T(4) treatment, providing additional support for the role of leptin in the regulation of the human hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.
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              Metformin: An Update

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bmim
                Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México
                Bol. Med. Hosp. Infant. Mex.
                Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (México, DF, Mexico )
                1665-1146
                December 2008
                : 65
                : 6
                : 547-567
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez orgdiv1Área de Endocrinología
                Article
                S1665-11462008000600012 S1665-1146(08)06500600012
                7a408900-ae07-4e87-89ff-863ace4c6909

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 October 2008
                : 08 September 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 70, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Aspectos clínicos

                Obesidad,child,drugs,treatment,Obesity,niños,fármacos,tratamiento
                Obesidad, child, drugs, treatment, Obesity, niños, fármacos, tratamiento

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