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      Structure and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols Derived from Propolis

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          Abstract

          Propolis is a potential source of natural antioxidants such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. Its wide biological effects have been known and used since antiquity. In the modern world natural substances are sought which would be able to counteract the effects of antioxidative stress, which underlies many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. This paper aims to present the antioxidative activity of phenolic acids and flavonoids present in Polish propolis and the relationship between their chemical structure and antioxidative activity influencing its medicinal properties. Data concerning the biological activity of propolis are summarized here, including its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, estrogenic effects, as well as AIDS- counteracting and reparative-regenerative function.

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          Flavonoids as antioxidants.

          Pier-Giorgio Pietta (2000)
          Flavonoids are phenolic substances isolated from a wide range of vascular plants, with over 8000 individual compounds known. They act in plants as antioxidants, antimicrobials, photoreceptors, visual attractors, feeding repellants, and for light screening. Many studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit biological activities, including antiallergenic, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and vasodilating actions. However, most interest has been devoted to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, which is due to their ability to reduce free radical formation and to scavenge free radicals. The capacity of flavonoids to act as antioxidants in vitro has been the subject of several studies in the past years, and important structure-activity relationships of the antioxidant activity have been established. The antioxidant efficacy of flavonoids in vivo is less documented, presumably because of the limited knowledge on their uptake in humans. Most ingested flavonoids are extensively degraded to various phenolic acids, some of which still possess a radical-scavenging ability. Both the absorbed flavonoids and their metabolites may display an in vivo antioxidant activity, which is evidenced experimentally by the increase of the plasma antioxidant status, the sparing effect on vitamin E of erythrocyte membranes and low-density lipoproteins, and the preservation of erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review presents the current knowledge on structural aspects and in vitro antioxidant capacity of most common flavonoids as well as in vivo antioxidant activity and effects on endogenous antioxidants.
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            Advances in flavonoid research since 1992.

            J. Harborne, C. Williams (2000)
            Some of the recent advances in flavonoid research are reviewed. The role of anthocyanins and flavones in providing stable blue flower colours in the angiosperms is outlined. The contribution of leaf flavonoids to UV-B protection in plants is critically discussed. Advances in understanding the part played by flavonoids in warding off microbial infection and protecting plants from herbivory are described. The biological properties of flavonoids are considered in an evaluation of the medicinal and nutritional values of these compounds.
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              Antioxidant and antiradical activities of flavonoids.

              Stanislaw Burda, Wieslaw Oleszek (2001)
              The relationship between the structure of 42 flavonoids and their antioxidant and antiradical activities was elucidated by heat-induced oxidation in a beta-carotene and linoleic acid system and by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl decoloration test. From seven structurally divergent groups of flavonoids, only flavonols with a free hydroxyl group at the C-3 position of the flavonoid skeleton showed high inhibitory activity to beta-carotene oxidation. Antiradical activity depended on the presence of a flavonol structure or free hydroxyl group at the C-4' position. The effect of the 4'-hydroxyl was strongly modified by other structural features, such as the presence of free hydroxyls at C-3 and/or C-3' and a C2-C3 double bond.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 December 2013
                Publication date Collection: January 2014
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 78-101
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Silesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, Katowice 40-085, Poland; E-Mail: grazyna.swierczek_zieba@ 123456swsm.pl
                [2 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland; E-Mail: annastojko@ 123456sum.edu.pl
                [3 ]Department of Drug Technology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland; E-Mails: mgorecki@ 123456sum.edu.pl (M.G.); msosada@ 123456sum.edu.pl (M.S.)
                [4 ]Department of Hygiene, Bioanalysis and Environmental Studies, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3A, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland; E-Mail: jstojko@ 123456sum.edu.pl
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: anna.kurek_gorecka@ 123456swsm.pl ; Tel.: +48-605-599-123; Fax: +48-322-072-705.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-19-00078
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules19010078
                PMC ID: 6271064
                PubMed ID: 24362627
                SO-VID: 7a004d2f-5d8c-44aa-afcc-ca2f54454e75
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 October 2013
                Date revision received : 11 December 2013
                Date accepted : 12 December 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: propolis,antioxidant activity,phenolic acids,flavonoids
                Data availability:
                Keywords: propolis, antioxidant activity, phenolic acids, flavonoids

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