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      Dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: five lessons from the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Translated title: Lidiando con la pandemia COVID-19 en Europa: Cinco lecciones de la Sociedad Europea de Estudios del Estrés Traumático Translated title: 应对欧洲 COVID-19 疫情:欧洲创伤应激研究学会的五个经验教训

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          ABSTRACT

          The paper provides insights into the mental health consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from the Central, Eastern, Nordic, Southern, and Western subregions of Europe, represented by five member countries of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS). On the basis of the existing national research and experiences in these countries, we propose five lessons learned. (1) There is no evidence of a mental health pandemic so far in the countries in focus. No increase in severe mental disorders but some increase in the symptoms of common mental health disorders are observable. More high-quality longitudinal studies are needed to understand the mental health burden of the pandemic. (2) The pandemic affects countries (including the mental health situation) differently, depending on the level of the exposure, management policies, pre-pandemic structural characteristics, and healthcare resources. (3) The pandemic affects people differently: the exposure severity to pandemic-related stressors differs between individuals, as well as individual resources to cope with these stressors. There are winners and losers as well as identifiable at-risk groups that need particular attention. (4) Besides the negative consequences, the pandemic has had a positive impact. The rapidly applied innovations within the system of healthcare responses provide a window of opportunity for positive changes in mental healthcare policies, strategies, and practices. The increased focus on mental health during the pandemic may contribute to the prioritization of mental health issues at policy-making and organizational levels and may reduce stigma. (5) A stress- and trauma-informed response to COVID-19 is required. The European community of psychotraumatologists under the leadership of ESTSS plays an important role in promoting stress- and trauma-informed healthcare and policies of pandemic management. Based on the lessons learned, we propose a stepped-care public mental health model for the prevention of adverse mental health outcomes during pandemics.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Population mental health is affected differently in the COVID-19 pandemic: there are winners and losers, as well as identifiable at-risk groups that need particular attention.

          • A stress- and trauma-informed public mental health stepped-care model can address pandemic-related mental health burden in a systematic way.

          Translated abstract

          Este articulo proporciona información sobre las consecuencias para la salud mental de la pandemia por la COVID-19 en las subregiones Central, Oriental, Nórdica, Meridional y Occidental de Europa, representadas por cinco países miembros de la Sociedad Europea de Estudios del Estrés Traumático (ESTSS). Sobre la base de las investigaciones y experiencias nacionales existentes en estos países, proponemos cinco lecciones aprendidas: 1. No hay evidencia de una pandemia de salud mental hasta el momento en los países en estudio. No se observa un aumento de los trastornos mentales severos, pero sí un aumento de los síntomas de los trastornos de salud mental comunes. Se necesitan más estudios longitudinales de alta calidad para entender la carga de salud mental de la pandemia; 2. La pandemia afecta a los países (incluida la situación de salud mental) en forma diferente según el nivel de exposición, las políticas de gestión, las características estructurales previas a la pandemia y los recursos de atención en salud; 3. La pandemia afecta a las personas de distintas maneras: la severidad de exposición a los estresores relacionados con la pandemia difiere entre las personas, así como los recursos individuales para hacer frente a estos factores estresantes. Hay ganadores y perdedores así como grupos de riesgo identificables que necesitan atención especial; 4. Además de las consecuencias negativas, la pandemia ha tenido un impacto positivo. Las innovaciones aplicadas rápidamente dentro del sistema de respuestas de atención de la salud son una ventana de oportunidad para cambios positivos en las políticas, estrategias y prácticas de atención de la salud mental. El aumento del enfoque en la salud mental durante la pandemia puede contribuir a la priorización de problemas de salud mental en los niveles organizacionales y de formulación de políticas y podría reducir el estigma; 5. Se requieren respuestas frente a la COVID-19 informadas en estrés y en trauma. La comunidad europea de psicotraumatólogos, bajo el liderazgo de la ESTSS, juega un papel importante en la promoción de la atención en salud informada en estrés y trauma y las políticas de gestión de pandemias. Basados en las lecciones aprendidas, proponemos un modelo de salud mental pública de atención escalonada para la prevención de las consecuencias adversas de salud mental durante las pandemias.

          Translated abstract

          该论文提供了以欧洲创伤应激研究协会 (ESTSS) 的五个成员国为代表的欧洲中部、东部、北欧、南部和西部子区域的 COVID-19 疫情的心理健康后果的见解。根据这些国家现有的国民研究和经验,我们提出五个吸取的经验教训: 1. 至今无证据表明重点关注的国家发生了心理健康疫情。可以观察到严重精神障碍没有增加,但常见心理健康障碍的症状有所增加。需要更多高质量的纵向研究来了解疫情的心理健康负担; 2. 疫情对各国(包括心理健康状况)的影响不同,取决于暴露程度、管理政策、疫情前的结构特征和医保资源; 3. 疫情对人的影响不同:个体对疫情相关应激源的暴露程度以及应对这些应激源的资源不同。有赢家和输家以及可以识别的需要特别注意的风险群体。 4. 除了负面影响外,疫情还产生了积极影响。医保响应系统内迅速应用的创新是精神保健政策、战略和实践发生积极变化的机会之窗。在疫情期间对心理健康的更多关注可能有助于在政策制定和组织层面优先考虑心理健康问题,并可能减少污名化; 5. 需要对 COVID-19 做出应激和创伤知情反应。在 ESTSS 的领导下,欧洲精神创伤学家共同体在促进应激和创伤知情的医疗保健和疫情管理政策方面发挥着重要作用。基于吸取的经验教训,我们提出了一种分步护理公共心理健康模型,用于预防疫情期间的不良心理健康结果。

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          Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population

          Summary Background The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on population mental health is of increasing global concern. We examine changes in adult mental health in the UK population before and during the lockdown. Methods In this secondary analysis of a national, longitudinal cohort study, households that took part in Waves 8 or 9 of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) panel, including all members aged 16 or older in April, 2020, were invited to complete the COVID-19 web survey on April 23–30, 2020. Participants who were unable to make an informed decision as a result of incapacity, or who had unknown postal addresses or addresses abroad were excluded. Mental health was assessed using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Repeated cross-sectional analyses were done to examine temporal trends. Fixed-effects regression models were fitted to identify within-person change compared with preceding trends. Findings Waves 6–9 of the UKHLS had 53 351 participants. Eligible participants for the COVID-19 web survey were from households that took part in Waves 8 or 9, and 17 452 (41·2%) of 42 330 eligible people participated in the web survey. Population prevalence of clinically significant levels of mental distress rose from 18·9% (95% CI 17·8–20·0) in 2018–19 to 27·3% (26·3–28·2) in April, 2020, one month into UK lockdown. Mean GHQ-12 score also increased over this time, from 11·5 (95% CI 11·3–11·6) in 2018–19, to 12·6 (12·5–12·8) in April, 2020. This was 0·48 (95% CI 0·07–0·90) points higher than expected when accounting for previous upward trends between 2014 and 2018. Comparing GHQ-12 scores within individuals, adjusting for time trends and significant predictors of change, increases were greatest in 18–24-year-olds (2·69 points, 95% CI 1·89–3·48), 25–34-year-olds (1·57, 0·96–2·18), women (0·92, 0·50–1·35), and people living with young children (1·45, 0·79–2·12). People employed before the pandemic also averaged a notable increase in GHQ-12 score (0·63, 95% CI 0·20–1·06). Interpretation By late April, 2020, mental health in the UK had deteriorated compared with pre-COVID-19 trends. Policies emphasising the needs of women, young people, and those with preschool aged children are likely to play an important part in preventing future mental illness. Funding None.
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            The Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19 and Physical Distancing: The Need for Prevention and Early Intervention

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              How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic

              Summary The unpredictability and uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic; the associated lockdowns, physical distancing, and other containment strategies; and the resulting economic breakdown could increase the risk of mental health problems and exacerbate health inequalities. Preliminary findings suggest adverse mental health effects in previously healthy people and especially in people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Despite the heterogeneity of worldwide health systems, efforts have been made to adapt the delivery of mental health care to the demands of COVID-19. Mental health concerns have been addressed via the public mental health response and by adapting mental health services, mostly focusing on infection control, modifying access to diagnosis and treatment, ensuring continuity of care for mental health service users, and paying attention to new cases of mental ill health and populations at high risk of mental health problems. Sustainable adaptations of delivery systems for mental health care should be developed by experts, clinicians, and service users, and should be specifically designed to mitigate disparities in health-care provision. Thorough and continuous assessment of health and service-use outcomes in mental health clinical practice will be crucial for defining which practices should be further developed and which discontinued. For this Position Paper, an international group of clinicians, mental health experts, and users of mental health services has come together to reflect on the challenges for mental health that COVID-19 poses. The interconnectedness of the world made society vulnerable to this infection, but it also provides the infrastructure to address previous system failings by disseminating good practices that can result in sustained, efficient, and equitable delivery of mental health-care delivery. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic could be an opportunity to improve mental health services.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                3 May 2022
                2022
                3 May 2022
                : 13
                : 1
                : 2046330
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Addiction Studies, School of Arts and Science, Ilia State University , Tbilisi, Georgia
                [b ]National Centre for Disaster Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
                [c ]King’s College London , London, UK
                [d ]Center for Psychotraumatology, Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University , Vilnius, Lithuania
                [e ]Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
                [f ]Faculty of Medical Sciences, NOVA Medical School, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Jana D. Javakhishvili darejan.javakhishvili@ 123456iliauni.edu.ge Institute of Addiction Studies, School of Arts and Science, Ilia State University , Tbilisi, Georgia

                Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2046330.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-7582
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1317-2093
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-2971
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6654-6220
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2834-8047
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2698-1284
                Article
                2046330
                10.1080/20008198.2022.2046330
                9090369
                35558684
                79989471-1ee0-48ba-b91f-6d37d5411ac9
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 44, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Letter to the Editor
                Letter to the Editor

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                covid-19,europe,estss,public mental health,pandemic,stress-informed,trauma-informed,europa,salud mental publica,pandemia,informada en estrés,informada en trauma,欧洲,公共心理健康,疫情,应激知情,创伤知情

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