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      The Moral Foundations of Desired Cultural Tightness

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          Abstract

          People vary on their desire for strict norms, and the moral underpinnings of these differences have yet to be explored. The current research examined whether and how moral beliefs held by individuals would affect the extent to which they want their country to be tight (i.e., having strict social norms) or loose (i.e., having more permissive social norms). In particular, the effects of the “binding” and “individualizing” foundations, which are moral beliefs focused on the importance of groups and individuals, respectively, were examined. We hypothesized that the binding foundations could predict people’s desire for cultural tightness. We also hypothesized that the perception that one’s society is threatened may drive this effect. Three studies were conducted using both cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 3) and two-wave (Study 2) designs. Demographic variables and participants’ political orientation effects were controlled. In Study 1, only the binding foundations significantly predicted higher desired tightness. In Study 2, binding foundations predicted desired tightness measured at follow-up. In Study 3, the positive effect of perceived threat on desired tightness via the binding foundations was confirmed. From additional within-paper analyses we also have some evidence of significant relationships, albeit unstable across studies, between desired tightness and individualizing foundations.

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          Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.

          How and why do moral judgments vary across the political spectrum? To test moral foundations theory (J. Haidt & J. Graham, 2007; J. Haidt & C. Joseph, 2004), the authors developed several ways to measure people's use of 5 sets of moral intuitions: Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity. Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 foundations, whereas conservatives endorsed and used the 5 foundations more equally. This difference was observed in abstract assessments of the moral relevance of foundation-related concerns such as violence or loyalty (Study 1), moral judgments of statements and scenarios (Study 2), "sacredness" reactions to taboo trade-offs (Study 3), and use of foundation-related words in the moral texts of religious sermons (Study 4). These findings help to illuminate the nature and intractability of moral disagreements in the American "culture war." Copyright (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved.
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            Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study.

            With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
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              When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                19 April 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 739579
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome, Italy
                [2] 2Stanford Graduate School of Business , Stanford, CA, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Markus Kemmelmeier, University of Nevada, Reno, United States

                Reviewed by: Nur Soylu Yalcinkaya, Boğaziçi University, Turkey; Xiaomeng Hu, Tsinghua University, China

                *Correspondence: Daniela Di Santo, daniela.disanto@ 123456uniroma1.it

                This article was submitted to Cultural Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2022.739579
                9062776
                795d2434-eeb7-4c63-9b47-9082c0b03558
                Copyright © 2022 Di Santo, Gelfand, Baldner and Pierro.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 11 July 2021
                : 21 March 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 10, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 12, Words: 9042
                Funding
                Funded by: Sapienza University of Rome , doi 10.13039/501100004271;
                Award ID: RG118163F3F6F0FE
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                cultural tightness,moral foundations,morality,ecological threat,desired tightness

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