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      Effect of canopy management in the water status of cacao (Theobroma cacao) and the microclimate within the crop area Translated title: Efecto del manejo del dosel en el estado hídrico del cacao (Theobroma cacao) y el microclima dentro del área de cultivo

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Background: Cacao is an umbrophile species and therefore the handling of shade by producers can cause a microclimatic modification that influences the physiology of the plant. Questions: Can canopy management influence the microclimate of the crop area and the water content of cacao? Species of study: Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Study site: Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico; dry and rainy season 2018. Methods: Three sites were selected with an open canopy (OC) and three with a closed canopy (CC), where we determined air temperature and humidity, soil temperature, vapor pressure deficit, photosynthetically active radiation, soil water potential and leaf water potential in 15 cacao trees and the sap flow density in 12 trees, by canopy condition and by season. Results: Higher values of solar radiation, air and soil temperature, vapor pressure deficit and lower relative humidity were recorded under OC compared to CC, in both seasons. Differences in soil water potential between 10 and 60 cm depth in CC were recorded during the dry season. There was a lower sap flow density and daily water use in OC. The leaf water potential was similar between canopy conditions, in both seasons. Conclusions: Changes in canopy coverage significantly modify the microclimate of the crop area, a less stressful environment being generated under closed canopy conditions, influencing the sap flow density of cacao trees.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: Antecedentes: El cacao es una especie umbrófila, por lo que el manejo de la sombra por parte de los productores puede provocar una modificación microclimática que influye en la fisiología de la planta. Preguntas: ¿Puede el manejo del dosel influir en el microclima del área de cultivo y el estado hídrico del cacao? Especie de estudio: Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Sitio de estudio: Comalcalco, Tabasco, México; estación seca y lluviosa 2018. Métodos: Se seleccionaron tres sitios con dosel abierto (DA) y tres con dosel cerrado (DC) donde se determinó: la temperatura y humedad del aire, temperatura del suelo, déficit de presión de vapor, radiación fotosintéticamente activa, potencial hídrico del suelo, potencial hídrico foliar (15 árboles de cacao) y densidad de flujo de savia (12 árboles), por condición de dosel y por estación. Resultados: La radiación solar, temperatura del aire, del suelo y el déficit de presión de vapor fueron mayores en DA; la humedad relativa fue mayor en DC, en ambas estaciones. Hubo diferencias del potencial hídrico del suelo entre 10 y 60 cm de profundidad en DC, durante la estación seca. La densidad de flujo de savia y uso de agua fue menor en DA. El potencial hídrico foliar fue similar entre condiciones de dosel, en ambas estaciones. Conclusiones: Cambios en la cobertura del dosel modifican de manera significativa el microclima del área de cultivo generando un ambiente menos estresante en condiciones de dosel cerrado, lo cual influye en la densidad de flujo de savia de los árboles de cacao.

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          Most cited references34

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          Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglas-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements.

          A. Granier (1987)
          Transpiration of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stand was evaluated by sap flow measurements during a 4-month period. Between-tree variation in sap flow depended on crown class. On a sunny day, total transpiration was 1.6, 8.0 and 22.0 liters day(-1) for suppressed, codominant and dominant trees, respectively. Transpiration estimated by sap flow fell below potential evapotranspiration when available soil water decreased below 30% of its maximum value. Sap flow measurements gave transpiration values similar to those obtained by the water balance method.
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            Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes.

            The empirical calibration of Granier-type heat dissipation sap flow probes that relate temperature difference (DeltaT) to sap velocity (v) was reevaluated in stems of three tropical tree species. The original calibration was confirmed when the entire heated probe was in contact with conducting xylem, but mean v was underestimated when part of the probe was in contact with nonconducting xylem or bark. Analysis of the effects of nonuniform sap velocity profiles on heat dissipation estimates showed that errors increased as v and the proportion of the probe in nonconducting wood increased. If half of a 20-mm probe is in sapwood with a v of 0.15 mm s(-1) and the other half is in nonconducting wood, then mean v for the whole probe can be underestimated by as much as 50%. A correction was developed that can be used if the proportion of the probe in nonconducting wood is known. Even with the entire heated probe in contact with conducting xylem, v would be underestimated when radial velocity gradients are present. In this case, the error would be smaller except when velocity gradients are very steep, as can occur in species with ring-porous wood anatomy. Errors occur because the relationship between DeltaT and v is nonlinear. Mean DeltaT along the probe is therefore not a measure of mean v, and users of heat dissipation probes should not assume that v is integrated along the length of the probe. The same type of error can occur when DeltaT is averaged through time while v is changing, but the error is small unless there are sudden, step changes between zero and high sap velocity. It is recommended that relatively short probes (20 mm or less) be used and that probes longer than the depth of conducting sapwood be avoided. Multiple probes inserted to a range of depths should be used in situations where steep gradients in v are expected. If these conditions are met, heat dissipation probes remain useful and widely applicable for measuring sap flow in woody stems.
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              Whole tree xylem sap flow responses to multiple environmental variables in a wet tropical forest

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bs
                Botanical Sciences
                Bot. sci
                Sociedad Botánica de México A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                2007-4298
                2007-4476
                December 2019
                : 97
                : 4
                : 701-710
                Affiliations
                [1] Villahermosa Tabasco orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur México
                [4] Cd. Victoria orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas orgdiv1Instituto de Ecología Aplicada Mexico
                [2] Villahermosa Tabasco orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur México
                [3] Chetumal Quintana Roo orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur México
                Article
                S2007-42982019000400701 S2007-4298(19)09700400701
                10.17129/botsci.2256
                7945f4ce-403f-42b9-a6fa-7122b501171d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 August 2019
                : 01 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Physiology

                Anatomy & Physiology
                uso de agua,sap flow,Leaf water potential,potencial hídrico foliar,manejo de sombra,microenvironment,microambiente,shade management,water use,Flujo de savia

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