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      Efectividad de la cuarentena durante la primera y segunda ola de COVID-19: un estudio de corte transversal y temporal Translated title: Quarantine effectiveness during the first and second waves of COVID-19: a cross sectional and temporal study

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción. La principal estrategia para enfrentar la pandemia del COVID-19 fue la cuarentena. Cierta literatura admite su utilidad; en cambio otra resalta los perjuicios y riesgos que conlleva la aplicación de esta medida. Objetivo. Utilizando cortes semanales y mensuales de defunciones de la primera y segunda ola del COVID-19, se evaluó la utilidad de la cuarentena en Perú en términos de adherencia y efectividad a nivel provincial. Métodos. Tomando como dependiente el número de casos de fallecidos en cada provincia se estimó el efecto de la movilidad según distintos tipos de lugares y otras covariables sobre la variable de interés. Se utilizó información del Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades del Ministerio de Salud (CDC - MINSA); la Plataforma Nacional de Datos Abiertos (PCM - MINSA); la data de la Superintendencia Nacional de Salud (SUSALUD); e información agregada de Google Analytics. Para estimar la efectividad se construyó un modelo de efectos fijos. Resultados. En la estimación mensual, durante la primera y segunda ola de COVID-19, las covariables y la mayoría de las tendencias de la movilidad de las personas resultaron significativas. En la segunda ola la movilidad en parques, supermercados y farmacias perdieron relevancia. En la estimación semanal solo la disponibilidad de oxígeno no fue relevante en la segunda ola; las demás variables independientes sí lo fueron. Conclusiones. La estrategia sanitaria de la cuarentena, tanto en la estimación mensual como en la semanal, no tuvo la efectividad esperada, aunque lograra adherencia en su cumplimiento.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction. The main strategy to face the COVID-19 pandemic was quarantine. Some literature admits its usefulness; on the other hand, other literature emphasizes the harm and risks involved in the application of this measure. Objective. Using weekly and monthly cut-offs of deaths from the first and second waves of COVID-19, the usefulness of quarantine in Peru was evaluated in terms of adherence and effectiveness at the provincial level. Methods. Taking as dependent the number of cases of deaths in each province, the effect of mobility according to different types of places and other covariates on the variable of interest was estimated. Information from the National Center for Epidemiology, Prevention and Disease Control of the Ministry of Health (CDC - MINSA); the National Open Data Platform (PCM - MINSA); data from the National Superintendence of Health (SUSALUD); and aggregate information from Google Analytics were used. A fixed effects model was constructed to estimate effectiveness. Results. In the monthly estimation, during the first and second waves of COVID-19, the covariates and most of the trends in people’s mobility were significant. In the second wave, mobility in parks, supermarkets and pharmacies lost relevance. In the weekly estimation only oxygen availability was not relevant in the second wave; the other independent variables were. Conclusions. The health strategy of quarantine, both in the monthly and weekly estimation, did not have the expected effectiveness, although it achieved adherence.

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          Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19

          This study describes possible transmission of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from an asymptomatic Wuhan resident to 5 family members in Anyang, a Chinese city in the neighboring province of Hubei.
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            The effect of large-scale anti-contagion policies on the COVID-19 pandemic

            Governments around the world are responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with unprecedented policies designed to slow the growth rate of infections. Many policies, such as closing schools and restricting populations to their homes, impose large and visible costs on society; however, their benefits cannot be directly observed and are currently understood only through process-based simulations2-4. Here we compile data on 1,700 local, regional and national non-pharmaceutical interventions that were deployed in the ongoing pandemic across localities in China, South Korea, Italy, Iran, France and the United States. We then apply reduced-form econometric methods, commonly used to measure the effect of policies on economic growth5,6, to empirically evaluate the effect that these anti-contagion policies have had on the growth rate of infections. In the absence of policy actions, we estimate that early infections of COVID-19 exhibit exponential growth rates of approximately 38% per day. We find that anti-contagion policies have significantly and substantially slowed this growth. Some policies have different effects on different populations, but we obtain consistent evidence that the policy packages that were deployed to reduce the rate of transmission achieved large, beneficial and measurable health outcomes. We estimate that across these 6 countries, interventions prevented or delayed on the order of 61 million confirmed cases, corresponding to averting approximately 495 million total infections. These findings may help to inform decisions regarding whether or when these policies should be deployed, intensified or lifted, and they can support policy-making in the more than 180 other countries in which COVID-19 has been reported7.
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              The positive impact of lockdown in Wuhan on containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China

              Abstract Background With its epicenter in Wuhan, China, the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Consequently, many countries have implemented flight restrictions to China. China itself has imposed a lockdown of the population of Wuhan as well as the entire Hubei province. However, whether these two enormous measures have led to significant changes in the spread of COVID-19 cases remains unclear. Methods We analyzed available data on the development of confirmed domestic and international COVID-19 cases before and after lockdown measures. We evaluated the correlation of domestic air traffic to the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and determined the growth curves of COVID-19 cases within China before and after lockdown as well as after changes in COVID-19 diagnostic criteria. Results Our findings indicate a significant increase in doubling time from 2 days (95% Confidence Interval, CI): 1.9–2.6), to 4 days (95% CI: 3.5–4.3), after imposing lockdown. A further increase is detected after changing diagnostic and testing methodology to 19.3 (95% CI: 15.1–26.3), respectively. Moreover, the correlation between domestic air traffic and COVID-19 spread became weaker following lockdown (before lockdown: r = 0.98, p < 0.05 vs. after lockdown: r = 0.91, p = NS). Conclusions A significantly decreased growth rate and increased doubling time of cases was observed, which is most likely due to Chinese lockdown measures. A more stringent confinement of people in high risk areas seem to have a potential to slow down the spread of COVID-19.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                afm
                Anales de la Facultad de Medicina
                An. Fac. med.
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                1025-5583
                September 2023
                : 84
                : 3
                : 258-266
                Affiliations
                [1] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad San Ignacio de Loyola Peru
                Article
                S1025-55832023000300258 S1025-5583(23)08400300258
                10.15381/anales.v84i3.25003
                7908d8e9-9935-457e-a2f0-78afb708d929

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 June 2023
                : 04 August 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Efectividad,COVID-19,Quarantine,Mortality,Effectiveness,Pandemic,Peru,Cuarentena,Mortalidad,Pandemia,Perú

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