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      Porphyrin-based colorimetric sensing of perfluorooctanoic acid as proof of concept for perfluoroalkyl substance detection

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          Abstract

          A color changing sensor for the pollutant perfluorooctanoic acid was developed. The pollutant was visually detected from soil at concentrations as low as 3 ppm.

          Abstract

          A functionalized porphyrin receptor was prepared to bind perfluorooctanoic acid. UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis showed the receptor gave a rapid colorimetric response that could also be detected visually at environmentally relevant concentrations. Spiked soil samples were used to demonstrate detection of perfluorooctanoic acid without intensive sample pre-treatment or laboratory instrument analysis.

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          Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates.

          Konstantinos Prevedouros, Ian T Cousins, Robert Buck … (2006)
          This review describes the sources, fate, and transport of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in the environment, with a specific focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFO). The global historical industry-wide emissions of total PFCAs from direct (manufacture, use, consumer products) and indirect (PFCA impurities and/or precursors) sources were estimated to be 3200-7300 tonnes. It was estimated that the majority (approximately 80%) of PFCAs have been released to the environment from fluoropolymer manufacture and use. Although indirect sources were estimated to be much less importantthan direct sources, there were larger uncertainties associated with the calculations for indirect sources. The physical-chemical properties of PFO (negligible vapor pressure, high solubility in water, and moderate sorption to solids) suggested that PFO would accumulate in surface waters. Estimated mass inventories of PFO in various environmental compartments confirmed that surface waters, especially oceans, contain the majority of PFO. The only environmental sinks for PFO were identified to be sediment burial and transport to the deep oceans, implying a long environmental residence time. Transport pathways for PFCAs in the environment were reviewed, and it was concluded that, in addition to atmospheric transport/degradation of precursors, atmospheric and ocean water transport of the PFCAs themselves could significantly contribute to their long-range transport. It was estimated that 2-12 tonnes/ year of PFO are transported to the Artic by oceanic transport, which is greater than the amount estimated to result from atmospheric transport/degradation of precursors.
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            Determining association constants from titration experiments in supramolecular chemistry.

            Pall Thordarson (2011)
            The most common approach for quantifying interactions in supramolecular chemistry is a titration of the guest to solution of the host, noting the changes in some physical property through NMR, UV-Vis, fluorescence or other techniques. Despite the apparent simplicity of this approach, there are several issues that need to be carefully addressed to ensure that the final results are reliable. This includes the use of non-linear rather than linear regression methods, careful choice of stoichiometric binding model, the choice of method (e.g., NMR vs. UV-Vis) and concentration of host, the application of advanced data analysis methods such as global analysis and finally the estimation of uncertainties and confidence intervals for the results obtained. This tutorial review will give a systematic overview of all these issues-highlighting some of the key messages herein with simulated data analysis examples.
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              Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

              Xindi C. Hu, David Q. Andrews, Andrew B Lindstrom … (2016)
              Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial analysis of 2013–2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The number of industrial sites that manufacture or use these compounds, the number of military fire training areas, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concentrations in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each additional military site within a watershed’s eight-digit hydrologic unit is associated with a 20% increase in PFHxS, a 10% increase in both PFHpA and PFOA, and a 35% increase in PFOS. The number of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aqueous film-forming foams is significantly associated with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level. We find drinking water supplies for 6 million U.S. residents exceed US EPA’s lifetime health advisory (70 ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA. Lower analytical reporting limits and additional sampling of smaller utilities serving <10000 individuals and private wells would greatly assist in further identifying PFAS contamination sources.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chloe M. Taylor: (View ORCID Profile)
                Theo A. Ellingsen: (View ORCID Profile)
                Michael C. Breadmore: (View ORCID Profile)
                Nathan L. Kilah: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CHCOFS
                Title: Chemical Communications
                Abbreviated Title: Chem. Commun.
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Print): 1359-7345
                ISSN (Electronic): 1364-548X
                Publication date Created: November 04 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 2021
                Volume: 57
                Issue: 88
                Pages: 11649-11652
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
                [2 ]Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/D1CC04903H
                SO-VID: 79061f15-dfa3-4386-8f08-f1793f8249cf
                Copyright © © 2021
                License:

                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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