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      Sex chromosome abnormalities and psychiatric diseases

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          Abstract

          Excesses of sex chromosome abnormalities in patients with psychiatric diseases have recently been observed. It remains unclear whether sex chromosome abnormalities are related to sex differences in some psychiatric diseases. While studies showed evidence of susceptibility loci over many sex chromosomal regions related to various mental diseases, others demonstrated that the sex chromosome aneuploidies may be the key to exploring the pathogenesis of psychiatric disease. In this review, we will outline the current evidence on the interaction of sex chromosome abnormalities with schizophrenia, autism, ADHD and mood disorders.

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          Ftx is a non-coding RNA which affects Xist expression and chromatin structure within the X-inactivation center region.

          Philip Avner, Corinne Chureau, Claire Rougeulle … (2011)
          X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is an essential epigenetic process which involves several non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including Xist, the master regulator of X-inactivation initiation. Xist is flanked in its 5' region by a large heterochromatic hotspot, which contains several transcription units including a gene of unknown function, Ftx (five prime to Xist). In this article, we describe the characterization and functional analysis of murine Ftx. We present evidence that Ftx produces a conserved functional long ncRNA, and additionally hosts microRNAs (miR) in its introns. Strikingly, Ftx partially escapes X-inactivation and is upregulated specifically in female ES cells at the onset of X-inactivation, an expression profile which closely follows that of Xist. We generated Ftx null ES cells to address the function of this gene. In these cells, only local changes in chromatin marks are detected within the hotspot, indicating that Ftx is not involved in the global maintenance of the heterochromatic structure of this region. The Ftx mutation, however, results in widespread alteration of transcript levels within the X-inactivation center (Xic) and particularly important decreases in Xist RNA levels, which were correlated with increased DNA methylation at the Xist CpG island. Altogether our results indicate that Ftx is a positive regulator of Xist and lead us to propose that Ftx is a novel ncRNA involved in XCI.
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            Expression and function of a large non-coding RNA gene XIST in human cancer.

            Qizhi Yao, S Weakley, Tzu-Hao Wang … (2011)
            X inactive-specific transcript (XIST) RNA is involved in X chromosome silencing in female cells and allows X chromosome equilibration with males. X inactive-specific transcript expression has been found to be dysregulated in a variety of human cancers when compared to normal cells; meanwhile, the inactivated X chromosome has been noted to be conspicuously absent in human cancer specimens, whereas X chromosome duplications are widely noted. The specific pathways whereby changes in X chromosome status and XIST expression occur in cancer remain incompletely described. Nevertheless, a role for XIST in BRCA1-mediated epigenetic activity has been proposed. Here we review the data regarding XIST expression and X chromosome status in a variety of female, male, and non-sex-related human cancers. It is not yet known whether X chromosome duplication, XIST dysregulation, and over-expression of X-linked genes represent important factors in tumorgenesis or are simply a consequence of overall epigenetic instability in these cancers.
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              Identification of MeCP2 mutations in a series of females with autistic disorder.

              Regina Carney, Chantelle M. Wolpert, Sarah Ravan … (2003)
              Rett disorder and autistic disorder are both pervasive developmental disorders. Recent studies indicate that at least 80% of Rett Disorder cases are caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) gene. Since there is some phenotypic overlap between autistic disorder and Rett disorder, we analyzed 69 females clinically diagnosed with autistic disorder for the presence of mutations in the MeCP2 gene. Two autistic disorder females were found to have de novo mutations in the MeCP2 gene. These data provide additional evidence of variable expression in the Rett disorder phenotype and suggest MeCP2 testing may be warranted for females presenting with autistic disorder.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Oncotarget
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ImpactJ
                Title: Oncotarget
                Publisher: Impact Journals LLC
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-2553
                Publication date Collection: 17 January 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 December 2016
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 3969-3979
                Affiliations
                1 Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
                2 Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing, China
                3 Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education, Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Rena Li, rli@ 123456rfdn.org
                Article
                Publisher ID: 13962
                DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13962
                PMC ID: 5354807
                PubMed ID: 27992373
                SO-VID: 78685fb5-b6fc-470a-9edc-90ad139819a7
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2017 Zhang et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2016
                Date accepted : 7 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: schizophrenia,autism,adhd,depression,gender
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: schizophrenia, autism, adhd, depression, gender

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