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      Psychiatric morbidity among men using anabolic steroids

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychiatric morbidity among men with abuse of anabolic steroids.

          Methods

          The design is a retrospectively matched cohort study. Five hundred and fourty‐five males, who tested positive for anabolic steroids in Danish fitness centers during the period January 3, 2006 to March 1, 2018, were matched with 5450 randomly chosen male controls. Data was cross‐referenced with seven national registers pertaining to information about education, employment status, and psychiatric comorbidity. Main outcomes and measures were prescription of psychopharmacological treatment.

          Results

          The incidence of treatment with anxiolytics (HR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.62−3.38) and antipsychotics (HR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.99−3.63) displayed a remarkable increase in the years following doping sanction, compared to the control group. The prevalence of antidepressant use was already markedly elevated several years before doping sanction, but also displayed a higher incidence in the years following sanction (HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.28−2.13). The associations remained highly significant after controlling for socioeconomic factors.

          Conclusion

          Anabolic steroids use is strongly associated with psychiatric morbidity.

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          Sex differences in anxiety and depression: role of testosterone.

          Jenna McHenry, Nicole Carrier, Elaine Hull … (2014)
          Compelling evidence exists for pervasive sex differences in pathological conditions, including anxiety and depressive disorders, with females more than twice as likely to be afflicted. Gonadal hormones may be a major factor in this disparity, given that women are more likely to experience mood disturbances during times of hormonal flux, and testosterone may have protective benefits against anxiety and depression. In this review we focus on the effects of testosterone in males and females, revealed in both human and animal studies. We also present possible neurobiological mechanisms underlying testosterone's mostly protective benefits, including the brain regions, neural circuits, and cellular and molecular pathways involved. While the precise underlying mechanisms remain unclear, both activational and organizational effects of testosterone appear to contribute to these effects. Future clinical studies are necessary in order to better understand when and how testosterone therapy may be effective in both sexes.
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            The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis.

            Dominic Sagoe, Helge Molde, Cecilie S Andreassen … (2014)
            To estimate the global lifetime prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use and investigate moderators of the prevalence rate. A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis was performed using studies gathered from searches in PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar among others. Included were 187 studies that provided original data on 271 lifetime prevalence rates. Studies were coded for publication year, region, sample type, age range, sample size, assessment method, and sampling method. Heterogeneity was assessed by the I(2) index and the Q-statistic. Random effect-size modeling was used. Subgroup comparisons were conducted using Bonferroni correction. The global lifetime prevalence rate obtained was 3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.8-3.8; I(2) = 99.7, P < .001). The prevalence rate for males, 6.4% (95% CI, 5.3-7.7, I(2) = 99.2, P < .001), was significantly higher (Qbet = 100.1, P < .001) than the rate for females, 1.6% (95% CI, 1.3-1.9, I(2) = 96.8, P < .001). Sample type (athletes), assessment method (interviews only and interviews and questionnaires), sampling method, and male sample percentage were significant predictors of AAS use prevalence. There was no indication of publication bias. Nonmedical AAS use is a serious widespread public health problem. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: an Endocrine Society scientific statement.

              Harrison G Pope, Ruth I Wood, Alan Rogol … (2014)
              Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage in sports, and not on the health risks of PEDs. There is a widespread misperception that PED use is safe or that adverse effects are manageable. In reality, the vast majority of PED users are not athletes but rather nonathlete weightlifters, and the adverse health effects of PED use are greatly underappreciated. This scientific statement synthesizes available information on the medical consequences of PED use, identifies gaps in knowledge, and aims to focus the attention of the medical community and policymakers on PED use as an important public health problem. PED users frequently consume highly supraphysiologic doses of PEDs, combine them with other PEDs and/or other classical drugs of abuse, and display additional associated risk factors. PED use has been linked to an increased risk of death and a wide variety of cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurologic, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal disorders. Because randomized trials cannot ethically duplicate the large doses of PEDs and the many factors associated with PED use, we need observational studies to collect valid outcome data on the health risks associated with PEDs. In addition, we need studies regarding the prevalence of PED use, the mechanisms by which PEDs exert their adverse health effects, and the interactive effects of PEDs with sports injuries and other high-risk behaviors. We also need randomized trials to assess therapeutic interventions for treating the adverse effects of PEDs, such as the anabolic-androgen steroid withdrawal syndrome. Finally, we need to raise public awareness of the serious health consequences of PEDs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Josefine Windfeld‐Mathiasen: josefine.windfeld-mathiasen@regionh.dk , josefine.windfeld@gmail.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Depress Anxiety
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Depress Anxiety
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6394
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DA
                Title: Depression and Anxiety
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1091-4269
                ISSN (Electronic): 1520-6394
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 October 2022
                Publication date (Print): December 2022
                Volume: 39
                Issue: 12 ( doiID: 10.1002/da.v39.12 )
                Pages: 805-812
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Clinical Pharmacology Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
                [ 2 ] Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence Josefine Windfeld‐Mathiasen, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark.

                Email: josefine.windfeld-mathiasen@ 123456regionh.dk and josefine.windfeld@ 123456gmail.com

                Article
                Publisher ID: DA23287
                DOI: 10.1002/da.23287
                PMC ID: 10092709
                PubMed ID: 36281632
                SO-VID: 7832180a-e791-469d-a2cd-55f090a373a1
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors. Depression and Anxiety published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date revision received : 21 September 2022
                Date received : 04 May 2022
                Date accepted : 02 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 8, Words: 4475
                Funding
                Funded by: Anti Doping Danmark
                Categories
                Subject: Research Report
                Subject: Research Report
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date December 2022
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.2.7 mode:remove_FC converted:12.04.2023

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: androgenic anabolic steroids,depression,depressive adverse reactions,neuropsychiatric effects
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: androgenic anabolic steroids, depression, depressive adverse reactions, neuropsychiatric effects

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