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      Cluster analysis of cognitive performance in a sample of patients with Parkinson's disease Translated title: "Análise de cluster" do desempenho cognitivo em uma amostra de pacientes com doença de Parkinson

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          Abstract

          Background

          Cognitive impairment is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in patients with PD implies an increased risk for later development of dementia, however, it is unclear whether a specific type of cognitive loss confers increased risk for faster cognitive decline.

          Objective

          Determine whether it was possible to identify distinct cognitive phenotypes in a sample of patients with PD.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional evaluation of 100 patients with PD recruited from a movement disorders clinic was conducted. The patients were evaluated using the simplified motor score of the UPDRS, the Hoehn and Yahr, Schwab and England, Geriatric Depression Scale, Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, clock drawing test, digit span, word list battery of CERAD, Frontal Assessment Battery and verbal fluency test. We classified the patients as having normal cognition (PDNC), MCI (PDMCI) or dementia (PDD). Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, non-parametric statistics and cluster analysis.

          Results

          There were 40 patients with PDD, 39 with PDMCI and 21 with PDNC. Patients with PDD were older, had longer disease duration, lower education and lower MMSE scores. Cluster analysis showed 3 general distinct cognitive profiles that represented a continuum from mild to severe impairment of cognition, without distinguishing specific cognitive profiles.

          Conclusion

          Cognitive impairment in PD occurs progressively and heterogeneously in most patients. It is unclear whether the definition of the initial phenotype of cognitive loss can be used to establish the cognitive prognosis of patients.

          Translated abstract

          Embasamento

          O comprometimento cognitivo é um problema comum da doença de Parkinson (DP). O diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) em pacientes com DP implica em risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento posterior de demência, no entanto, não é claro se algum tipo específico de perda cognitiva confere risco para um declínio cognitivo mais rápido.

          Objetivo

          Determinar se seria possível identificar fenótipos cognitivos em uma amostra de pacientes com DP.

          Métodos

          Foi uma avaliação transversal de 100 pacientes com DP recrutados de uma clínica de distúrbios de movimento. Eles foram avaliados utilizando um escore motor simplificado da UPDRS, Hoehn e Yahr, Schwab e England, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais de Pfeffer, Escala CDR, Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, desenho do relógio, extensão de dígitos, lista de palavras da bateria do CERAD, bateria de avaliação frontal e teste de fluência verbal. Nós classificamos os pacientes como tendo cognição normal (PDCN), CCL (PDCCL) ou demência (PDD). Os dados foram analisados por meio do teste do qui-quadrado, estatística não-paramétrica e análise de cluster.

          Resultados

          Havia 40 pacientes com PDD, 39 com PDCCL e 21 com PDCN. Pacientes com PDD eram mais velhos, tinham maior tempo de doença, menor escolaridade e desempenho inferior no MEEM. A análise de cluster mostrou 3 perfis cognitivos distintos que representariam um continuo entre discreto a grave comprometimento da cognição, sem distinguir perfis cognitivos específicos.

          Conclusão

          O comprometimento cognitivo na DP ocorre de forma progressiva e heterogênea na maioria dos pacientes. Não é claro se a definição do fenótipo inicial de perda cognitiva poderia ser utilizado para estabelecer o prognóstico cognitivo para o paciente.

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          Most cited references36

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          Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.

          Few detailed clinico-pathological correlations of Parkinson's disease have been published. The pathological findings in 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic Parkinson's disease are reported. Seventy six had nigral Lewy bodies, and in all of these Lewy bodies were also found in the cerebral cortex. In 24 cases without Lewy bodies, diagnoses included progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimer-type pathology, and basal ganglia vascular disease. The retrospective application of recommended diagnostic criteria improved the diagnostic accuracy to 82%. These observations call into question current concepts of Parkinson's disease as a single distinct morbid entity.
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            MDS Task Force on mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: critical review of PD-MCI.

            There is controversy regarding the definition and characteristics of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. The Movement Disorder Society commissioned a Task Force to critically evaluate the literature and determine the frequency and characteristics of Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment and its association with dementia. A comprehensive PubMed literature review was conducted using systematic inclusion and exclusion criteria. A mean of 26.7% (range, 18.9%-38.2%) of nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease have mild cognitive impairment. The frequency of Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment increases with age, disease duration, and disease severity. Impairments occur in a range of cognitive domains, but single domain impairment is more common than multiple domain impairment, and within single domain impairment, nonamnestic is more common than amnestic impairment. A high proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment progress to dementia in a relatively short period of time. The primary conclusions of the Task Force are that: (1) Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment is common, (2) there is significant heterogeneity within Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment in the number and types of cognitive domain impairments, (3) Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment appears to place patients at risk of progressing to dementia, and (4) formal diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment are needed. Copyright © 2011 Movement Disorder Society.
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              Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a multicenter pooled analysis.

              In studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson disease (PD), patients without dementia have reported variable prevalences and profiles of MCI, likely to be due to methodologic differences between the studies. The objective of this study was to determine frequency and the profile of MCI in a large, multicenter cohort of well-defined patients with PD using a standardized analytic method and a common definition of MCI. A total of 1,346 patients with PD from 8 different cohorts were included. Standardized analysis of verbal memory, visuospatial, and attentional/executive abilities was performed. Subjects were classified as having MCI if their age- and education-corrected z score on one or more cognitive domains was at least 1.5 standard deviations below the mean of either control subjects or normative data. A total of 25.8% of subjects (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.5-28.2) were classified as having MCI. Memory impairment was most common (13.3%; 11.6-15.3), followed by visuospatial (11.0%; 9.4-13.0) and attention/executive ability impairment (10.1%; 8.6-11.9). Regarding cognitive profiles, 11.3% (9.7-13.1) were classified as nonamnestic single-domain MCI, 8.9% (7.0-9.9) as amnestic single-domain, 4.8% (3.8-6.1) as amnestic multiple-domain, and 1.3% (0.9-2.1) as nonamnestic multiple-domain MCI. Having MCI was associated with older age at assessment and at disease onset, male gender, depression, more severe motor symptoms, and advanced disease stage. MCI is common in patients with PD without dementia, affecting a range of cognitive domains, including memory, visual-spatial, and attention/executive abilities. Future studies of patients with PD with MCI need to determine risk factors for ongoing cognitive decline and assess interventions at a predementia stage.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dement Neuropsychol
                Dement Neuropsychol
                dn
                Dementia & Neuropsychologia
                Associação de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento
                1980-5764
                Oct-Dec 2016
                Oct-Dec 2016
                : 10
                : 4
                : 315-319
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Vitor Tumas. Department of Neuroscience and Behaviour Sciences / Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine – University of São Paulo – Campus Universitário Ribeirão Preto – 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP – Brazil. E-mail: tumasv@ 123456fmrp.usp.br
                Article
                10.1590/s1980-5764-2016dn1004010
                5619271
                77c78f0b-45af-43b9-96df-e229b8cac1e5

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 October 2016
                : 17 November 2016
                Categories
                Original Articles

                parkinson's disease,cognitive impairment,dementia,mild cognitive impairment,cluster analysis

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