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      Incidence of Dengue fever, serotypes, clinical features, and laboratory markers: a case study of 2019 outbreak at district Shangla, KP, Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Background

          Dengue is a widely spread mosquito-borne infection in humans, which in recent decades declared is public health problem globally. The dengue virus contains 4 different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) which belong to the genus Flavivirus.

          Aims

          A descriptive experimental study was conducted to determine the epidemiology, types of Dengue serotypes, clinical features, laboratory probe, and markers for primary diagnosis of dengue virus infection in hospitalized patients.

          Methodology

          A total of 691 suspects were diagnosed from August to October 2019 in district Shangla KP, Pakistan. Serological tests were used for nonstructural protein-1 antigen (NS1), and antibodies (immunoglobulin-M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)) while real-time PCR was used to confirm the cases. The data was statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS Statistics 20 version.

          Results

          The dengue virus infection was more prevalent in the male group (68.09%) than the female group (31.1%). A large number of patients were from rural areas (63.5%) while from urban areas were (36.4%), whereas Besham tehsil was found the most affected compared to other regions. The most prevalent serotype observed in our study was DENV-3 (56.60%) while DENV-4 was the least prevalent serotype (1.88%). Among the age-wise analysis of dengue-virus-infected individuals, the age group of 19–37 years (64.07%) was found the most affected group. The month-wise analysis revealed that the highest number of infections (49.8%) were recorded in September. Significant differences were noticed among blood parameters.

          Conclusion

          The possible reasons for the dengue overwhelming in the study area could be less or lack of awareness particularly regarding the transmission of viral infections, improper sewage management, and no effective vector control strategies that lead the dengue outbreaks in the study population.

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          Most cited references37

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          Antimicrobial resistance patterns and virulence factors of enterococci isolates in hospitalized burn patients

          Leili Shokoohizadeh, Alireza Ekrami, Maryam Labibzadeh … (2018)
          Objective The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of the antimicrobial resistance and genes encoding virulence factors of enterococci isolated in hospitalized burn patients in a major burn center in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. A total of 340 bacterial isolates were collected from the burn center from February 2014 to February 2015. The antimicrobial susceptibility and MIC of vancomycin were determined using the disk diffusion and micro-agar dilution techniques. The genus and species-specific genes, potential virulence genes, and vanA and vanB genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results According to our results, out of the 340 bacterial isolates, 16.4% (n = 56) were identified as enterococci. Out of the 56 enterococcal isolates, 35 (62.5%) were Enterococcus faecalis and 21 (37.5%) were Enterococcus faecium. More than 20% (n = 5) of E. faecium demonstrated resistance to vancomycin. The gelE and asa genes were the most prevalent virulence genes in E. faecalis (48.5%) and E. faecium (43%) isolates. The emergence of vancomycin resistant E. faecium strains which have several virulence factors should be considered as a major cause of concern for burn centers. Control and management of infections induced by enterococci should be regarded as highly important in burn patients.
          Article 0 comments Cited 183 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Serotype-specific detection of dengue viruses in a fourplex real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay.

            Barbara Johnson, Brandy J Russell, Robert Lanciotti (2005)
            The dengue (DEN) viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses in the genus Flavivirus. Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome are important human arboviral diseases caused by infection with one of four closely related but serologically distinct DEN viruses, designated DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 viruses. All four DEN serotypes are currently co-circulating throughout the subtropics and tropics, and genotypic variation occurs among isolates within a serotype. A real-time quantitative nucleic acid amplification assay has been developed to detect viral RNA of a single DEN virus serotype. Each primer-probe set is DEN serotype specific, yet detects all genotypes in a panel of 7 to 10 representative isolates of a serotype. In single reactions and in fourplex reactions (containing four primer-probe sets in a single reaction mixture), standard dilutions of virus equivalent to 0.002 PFU of DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 viruses were detected; the limit of detection of DEN-1 virus was 0.5 equivalent PFU. Singleplex and fourplex reactions were evaluated in a panel of 40 viremic serum specimens with 10 specimens per serotype, containing 0.002 to 6,000 equivalent PFU/reaction (0.4 to 1.2 x 10(6) PFU/ml). Viral RNA was detected in all viremic serum specimens in singleplex and fourplex reactions. Thus, this serotype-specific, fourplex real-time reverse transcriptase PCR nucleic acid detection assay can be used as a method for differential diagnosis of a specific DEN serotype in viremic dengue patients and as a tool for rapid identification and serotyping of DEN virus isolates.
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              Dengue: an update

              María G Guzmán, Gustavo Kouri (2002)
              Article 0 comments Cited 145 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Afr Health Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Afr Health Sci
                Title: African Health Sciences
                Publisher: Makerere Medical School (Kampala, Uganda )
                ISSN (Print): 1680-6905
                ISSN (Electronic): 1729-0503
                Publication date (Print): March 2022
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 521-531
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan
                [2 ] Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP Pakistan
                [3 ] Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Warsak Road Peshawar KP Pakistan
                [4 ] Department of Microbiology, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Warsak Road Peshawar KP Pakistan
                [5 ] Haematology, Pathology Department National University of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi Pakistan
                [6 ] Peshawar Dental College, Riphah International University, Warsak Road Peshawar KP Pakistan
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Faheem Anwar & Muhammad Tayyab, Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, KP, Pakistan; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, KP Pakistan. faheemburney2@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: jAFHS.v22.i1.pg521
                DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i1.61
                PMC ID: 9382532
                PubMed ID: 36032477
                SO-VID: 775a88d8-41d5-48bb-a5b4-9e2352b4982d
                Copyright © © 2022 Rehman AU et al.
                License:

                Licensee African Health Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: dengue,outbreak,denv,real-time pcr,rna virus,pakistan
                Data availability:
                Keywords: dengue, outbreak, denv, real-time pcr, rna virus, pakistan

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