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      Ukraine – Russia crisis and its impacts on the mental health of Ukrainian young people during the COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          The Russia-Ukraine crisis has been at the center of international talks since early 2022. This conflict, bursting after the sanitary crisis of the covid 19 pandemic, creates an atmosphere of uncertainty and instability, which negatively impacts many aspects, including mental health. Young Ukrainians have been suffering from socio-political instability for decades, and the current war, together with the Covid 19 pandemic, shatters hopes of brighter days. This commentary covers the challenges facing the younger generation in Ukraine and the impact of this situation on their mental health.

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          Most cited references21

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          Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms

          This paper reviews the research evidence concerning the intergenerational transmission of trauma effects and the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms in this transmission. Two broad categories of epigenetically mediated effects are highlighted. The first involves developmentally programmed effects. These can result from the influence of the offspring's early environmental exposures, including postnatal maternal care as well as in utero exposure reflecting maternal stress during pregnancy. The second includes epigenetic changes associated with a preconception trauma in parents that may affect the germline, and impact fetoplacental interactions. Several factors, such as sex‐specific epigenetic effects following trauma exposure and parental developmental stage at the time of exposure, explain different effects of maternal and paternal trauma. The most compelling work to date has been done in animal models, where the opportunity for controlled designs enables clear interpretations of transmissible effects. Given the paucity of human studies and the methodological challenges in conducting such studies, it is not possible to attribute intergenerational effects in humans to a single set of biological or other determinants at this time. Elucidating the role of epigenetic mechanisms in intergenerational effects through prospective, multi‐generational studies may ultimately yield a cogent understanding of how individual, cultural and societal experiences permeate our biology.
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            Is Open Access

            Mental Health of Refugees and Torture Survivors: A Critical Review of Prevalence, Predictors, and Integrated Care

            Civilian war trauma and torture rank among the most traumatic life experiences; exposure to such experiences is pervasive in nations experiencing both internal and external conflict. This has led to a high volume of refugees resettling throughout the world with mental health needs that primary care physicians may not be screening for and prepared to effectively address. In this article, we review the literature on demographics, predictors, mental health outcomes of torture, and integrated care for the mental health needs of refugees. We searched PubMed and PSYCINFO databases for original research articles on refugees and mental health published in the English language between 2010 and present. Nine percent of 720 adults in conflict areas in Nepal, with predominance of literate married males, met the threshold for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 27.5% for depression, and 22.9% for anxiety. While, PTSD rate has been documented as high as 88.3% among torture survivors from Middle East (ME), Central Africa (CA), South Asia (SA), Southeast Europe (SE). Depression was recorded as high as 94.7% among 131 African torture survivors and anxiety as high as 91% among 55 South African torture survivors. Torture severity, post-migration difficulties, and wait time to receive clinical services were significantly associated with higher rate of mental health symptoms. Mental health screening is not a standard component of initial physical exams for refugees, yet these individuals have had high trauma exposure that should inform clinical care. Integrated care models are lacking but would greatly benefit this community to prevent progression to greater severity of mental health symptoms.
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              On the battlefield of women's bodies: An overview of the harm of war to women

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ann Med Surg (Lond)
                Ann Med Surg (Lond)
                Annals of Medicine and Surgery
                The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IJS Publishing Group Ltd.
                2049-0801
                23 June 2022
                July 2022
                23 June 2022
                : 79
                : 104033
                Affiliations
                [a ]Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda
                [b ]Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
                [c ]Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India
                [d ]Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
                [e ]NRC, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
                [f ]Faculty of Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
                [g ]Clinton Global Initiative University, New York, USA
                [h ]Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
                [i ]School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B152TT, UK
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Oli Health Magazine Organization, Research and Education, Kigali, Rwanda.
                Article
                S2049-0801(22)00793-2 104033
                10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104033
                9221679
                35765517
                7732e85f-869f-474c-8127-9167876143a0
                © 2022 The Authors

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                : 10 June 2022
                : 16 June 2022
                Categories
                Short Communication

                mental health,ukraine-russia,covid-19,conflict,russia-ukraine

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