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      Biofilm Analysis of Retrieved Dental Implants after Different Peri-Implantitis Treatments

      case-report

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          Abstract

          The aim of the current study was to analyse the planktonic growth of Streptococcus mutans on the surfaces of three implants retrieved after three different peri-implantitis treatments. Three implants from a male patient with high levels of bone loss were treated by mechanical debridement, chemical decontamination, and implantoplasty. After 4 months of follow-up, the implants were removed. The growth and biofilm formation were measured by spectrophotometry (OD 630 nm) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), after 48 hours of incubation. Results showed an average of Streptococcus mutans planktonic growth over the implants of 0.21 nm (mechanical debridement), 0.16 nm (chemical decontamination), and 0.15 nm (implantoplasty). Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test ( p < 0.05 for chemical decontamination and implantoplasty). Implantoplasty and chemical decontamination showed the lowest levels of planktonic growth, indicating a possible influence of the modification procedures on the titanium surface on the initial biofilm attachment.

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          Bacterial Biofilms: A Common Cause of Persistent Infections

          J Costerton (1999)
          Article 0 comments Cited 801 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development.

            Wim Teughels, Nele Van Assche, Isabelle Sliepen … (2006)
            From an ecological viewpoint, the oral cavity, in fact the oro-pharynx, is an 'open growth system'. It undergoes an uninterrupted introduction and removal of both microorganisms and nutrients. In order to survive within the oro-pharyngeal area, bacteria need to adhere either to the soft or hard tissues in order to resist shear forces. The fast turn-over of the oral lining epithelia (shedding 3 x/day) is an efficient defence mechanism as it prevents the accumulation of large masses of microorganisms. Teeth, dentures, or endosseous implants, however, providing non-shedding surfaces, allow the formation of thick biofilms. In general, the established biofilm maintains an equilibrium with the host. An uncontrolled accumulation and/or metabolism of bacteria on the hard surfaces forms, however, the primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and stomatitis. This systematic review aimed to evaluate critically the impact of surface characteristics (free energy, roughness, chemistry) on the de novo biofilm formation, especially in the supragingival and to a lesser extent in the subgingival areas. An electronic Medline search (from 1966 until July 2005) was conducted applying the following search items: 'biofilm formation and dental/oral implants/surface characteristics', 'surface characteristics and implants', 'biofilm formation and oral', 'plaque/biofilm and roughness', 'plaque/biofilm and surface free energy', and 'plaque formation and implants'. Only clinical studies within the oro-pharyngeal area were included. From a series of split-mouth studies, it could be concluded that both an increase in surface roughness above the R(a) threshold of 0.2 microm and/or of the surface-free energy facilitates biofilm formation on restorative materials. When both surface characteristics interact with each other, surface roughness was found to be predominant. The biofilm formation is also influenced by the type (chemical composition) of biomaterial or the type of coating. Direct comparisons in biofilm formation on different transmucosal implant surfaces are scars. Extrapolation of data from studies on different restorative materials seems to indicate that transmucosal implant surfaces with a higher surface roughness/surface free energy facilitate biofilm formation.
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              Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style.

              P D Marsh (2005)
              Most microorganisms in nature attach to surfaces and form matrix-embedded biofilms. Biofilms are highly structured and spatially organized, and are often composed of consortia of interacting microorganisms, termed microbial communities, the properties of which are more than the sum of the component species. Microbial gene expression alters markedly in biofilms; organisms communicate by gene transfer and by secretion of diffusible signalling molecules. Cells in biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. To comprehensively review the literature to determine whether dental plaque displays properties consistent with those of a typical biofilm and microbial community. Novel microscopic and molecular techniques have demonstrated that plaque has a structured architecture with an extracellular matrix, and a diverse composition (around 50% of cells are unculturable). The constituent species communicate by gene transfer, by secreted peptides (gram-positive bacteria) and autoinducer-2 (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria). These organisms are functionally organized for increased metabolic efficiency, greater resistance to stress and for enhanced virulence. Plaque formation has direct and indirect effects on gene expression. Dental plaque displays properties that are typical of biofilms and microbial communities in general, a clinical consequence of which is a reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial agents as well as pathogenic synergism.
              Article 0 comments Cited 115 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Case Rep Dent
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Case Rep Dent
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CRID
                Title: Case Reports in Dentistry
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-6447
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-6455
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 April 2017
                Volume: 2017
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8562050
                Affiliations
                1School of Dentistry, Center for Research on Dental Implants, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
                2School of Dentistry, UniSul University, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
                Author notes
                *Juan F. D. Montero: jfdum@ 123456hotmail.com

                Academic Editor: Gavriel Chaushu

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5921-704X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6135-701X
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2017/8562050
                PMC ID: 5401748
                PubMed ID: 28487780
                SO-VID: 76fde0cf-2b03-4fdb-9a7c-0e17560a1ffb
                Copyright © Copyright © 2017 Thaise C. Geremias et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 12 October 2016
                Date accepted : 7 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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