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      Disturbed neurovascular coupling in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: Evidence from a comprehensive fMRI analysis

      research-article
      a , 1 , a , 1 , a , 1 , a , a , b , a , a , a , a , c , c , c , d , d , d , d , a , * , 2 , a , * , 2
      NeuroImage : Clinical
      Elsevier
      Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM), Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Neurovascular coupling, Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD), Arterial spin-labeling (ASL), Cognitive impairment, T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, HC, healthy controls, BOLD, Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent, ASL, Arterial Spin-Labeling, CBF, Cerebral Blood Flow, DC, Degree Centrality, DCP, Positive Degree Centrality, DCN, Negative Degree Centrality, ALFF, Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation, fALFF, fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation, HRF, Hemodynamic Response Function, GM, Gray Matter, FBG, Fasting Blood glucose, HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1C, PBG, Postprandial blood glucose, MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination, MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale, CVLT, California Verbal-Learning Test, STROOP, Stroop Color Word Test, GSR, Global Signal Regression, FFG, Fusiform Gyrus, MFG, Middle Frontal Gyrus, MTGOP, Middle Frontal Gyrus Orbital Part, STG, Superior Temporal Gyrus, MTG, Middle Temporal Gyrus, MCPG, Median Cingulate and Paracingulate Gyri, LNP, Lenticular Nucleus Pallidum

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          Abstract

          Background

          Previous studies presumed that the disturbed neurovascular coupling to be a critical risk factor of cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but distinct clinical manifestations were lacked. Consequently, we decided to investigate the neurovascular coupling in T2DM patients by exploring the MRI relationship between neuronal activity and the corresponding cerebral blood perfusion.

          Methods

          Degree centrality (DC) map and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) map were used to represent neuronal activity. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) map was used to represent cerebral blood perfusion. Correlation coefficients were calculated to reflect the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood perfusion.

          Results

          At the whole gray matter level, the manifestation of neurovascular coupling was investigated by using 4 neurovascular biomarkers. We compared these biomarkers and found no significant changes. However, at the brain region level, neurovascular biomarkers in T2DM patients were significantly decreased in 10 brain regions. ALFF-CBF in left hippocampus and fractional ALFF-CBF in left amygdala were positively associated with the executive function, while ALFF-CBF in right fusiform gyrus was negatively related to the executive function. The disease severity was negatively related to the memory and executive function. The longer duration of T2DM was related to the milder depression, which suggests T2DM-related depression may not be a physiological condition but be a psychological condition.

          Conclusion

          Correlations between neuronal activity and cerebral perfusion maps may be a method for detecting neurovascular coupling abnormalities, which could be used for diagnosis in the future.

          Trial registry number: This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02420470) on April 2, 2015 and published on July 29, 2015.

          Highlights

          • Multi-modal MRI is a method to reflect neurovascular coupling condition.

          • Neurovascular coupling dysfunction was found in diabetics.

          • The memory, executive function and emotion were disrupted in diabetics.

          • The limbic system, basal ganglia, and prefrontal lobe was damaged in diabetics.

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          Most cited references31

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          Altered baseline brain activity in children with ADHD revealed by resting-state functional MRI.

          In children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), functional neuroimaging studies have revealed abnormalities in various brain regions, including prefrontal-striatal circuit, cerebellum, and brainstem. In the current study, we used a new marker of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), amplitude of low-frequency (0.01-0.08Hz) fluctuation (ALFF) to investigate the baseline brain function of this disorder. Thirteen boys with ADHD (13.0+/-1.4 years) were examined by resting-state fMRI and compared with age-matched controls. As a result, we found that patients with ADHD had decreased ALFF in the right inferior frontal cortex, [corrected] and bilateral cerebellum and the vermis as well as increased ALFF in the right anterior cingulated cortex, left sensorimotor cortex, and bilateral brainstem. This resting-state fMRI study suggests that the changed spontaneous neuronal activity of these regions may be implicated in the underlying pathophysiology in children with ADHD.
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            Correlations and anticorrelations in resting-state functional connectivity MRI: a quantitative comparison of preprocessing strategies.

            Resting-state data sets contain coherent fluctuations unrelated to neural processes originating from residual motion artefacts, respiration and cardiac action. Such confounding effects may introduce correlations and cause an overestimation of functional connectivity strengths. In this study we applied several multidimensional linear regression approaches to remove artificial coherencies and examined the impact of preprocessing on sensitivity and specificity of functional connectivity results in simulated data and resting-state data sets from 40 subjects. Furthermore, we aimed at clarifying possible causes of anticorrelations and test the hypothesis that anticorrelations are introduced via certain preprocessing approaches, with particular focus on the effects of regression against the global signal. Our results show that preprocessing in general greatly increased connection specificity, in particular correction for global signal fluctuations almost doubled connection specificity. However, widespread anticorrelated networks were only found when regression against the global signal was applied. Results in simulated data sets compared with result of human data strongly suggest that anticorrelations are indeed introduced by global signal regression and should therefore be interpreted very carefully. In addition, global signal regression may also reduce the sensitivity for detecting true correlations, i.e. increase the number of false negatives. Concluding from our results we suggest that is highly recommended to apply correction against realignment parameters, white matter and ventricular time courses, as well as the global signal to maximize the specificity of positive resting-state correlations.
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              Functional connectivity density mapping.

              Brain networks with energy-efficient hubs might support the high cognitive performance of humans and a better understanding of their organization is likely of relevance for studying not only brain development and plasticity but also neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the distribution of hubs in the human brain is largely unknown due to the high computational demands of comprehensive analytical methods. Here we propose a 10(3) times faster method to map the distribution of the local functional connectivity density (lFCD) in the human brain. The robustness of this method was tested in 979 subjects from a large repository of MRI time series collected in resting conditions. Consistently across research sites, a region located in the posterior cingulate/ventral precuneus (BA 23/31) was the area with the highest lFCD, which suggest that this is the most prominent functional hub in the brain. In addition, regions located in the inferior parietal cortex (BA 18) and cuneus (BA 18) had high lFCD. The variability of this pattern across subjects was <36% and within subjects was 12%. The power scaling of the lFCD was consistent across research centers, suggesting that that brain networks have a "scale-free" organization.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Neuroimage Clin
                Neuroimage Clin
                NeuroImage : Clinical
                Elsevier
                2213-1582
                27 March 2019
                2019
                27 March 2019
                : 22
                : 101802
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi, China
                [b ]Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
                [c ]Department of Endocrinology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
                [d ]Student Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors at: Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), 569 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China. cuigbtd@ 123456fmmu.edu.cn wangwen@ 123456fmmu.edu.cn
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally.

                [2]

                These authors are co-senior authors of the study.

                Article
                S2213-1582(19)30152-4 101802
                10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101802
                6447740
                30991623
                76e71cca-55b0-47bc-b575-82d5ef533378
                © 2019 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 26 November 2018
                : 12 March 2019
                : 26 March 2019
                Categories
                Regular Article

                type 2 diabetes mellites (t2dm),functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri),neurovascular coupling,blood oxygenation level dependent (bold),arterial spin-labeling (asl),cognitive impairment,t2dm, type 2 diabetes mellitus,hc, healthy controls,bold, blood oxygenation level dependent,asl, arterial spin-labeling,cbf, cerebral blood flow,dc, degree centrality,dcp, positive degree centrality,dcn, negative degree centrality,alff, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,falff, fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation,hrf, hemodynamic response function,gm, gray matter,fbg, fasting blood glucose,hba1c, hemoglobin a1c,pbg, postprandial blood glucose,mmse, mini mental state examination,moca, montreal cognitive assessment,sas, self-rating anxiety scale,sds, self-rating depression scale,cvlt, california verbal-learning test,stroop, stroop color word test,gsr, global signal regression,ffg, fusiform gyrus,mfg, middle frontal gyrus,mtgop, middle frontal gyrus orbital part,stg, superior temporal gyrus,mtg, middle temporal gyrus,mcpg, median cingulate and paracingulate gyri,lnp, lenticular nucleus pallidum

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