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      Advances in Skin Regeneration Using Tissue Engineering

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          Abstract

          Tissue engineered skin substitutes for wound healing have evolved tremendously over the last couple of years. New advances have been made toward developing skin substitutes made up of artificial and natural materials. Engineered skin substitutes are developed from acellular materials or can be synthesized from autologous, allograft, xenogenic, or synthetic sources. Each of these engineered skin substitutes has their advantages and disadvantages. However, to this date, a complete functional skin substitute is not available, and research is continuing to develop a competent full thickness skin substitute product that can vascularize rapidly. There is also a need to redesign the currently available substitutes to make them user friendly, commercially affordable, and viable with longer shelf life. The present review focuses on providing an overview of advances in the field of tissue engineered skin substitute development, the availability of various types, and their application.

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          Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells.

          J. Rheinwald, H. Green (1975)
          Human diploid epidermis epidermal cells have been successfully grown in serial culture. To initiate colony formation, they require the presence of fibroblasts, but proliferation of fibroblasts must be controlled so that the epidermal cell population is not overgrown. Both conditions can be achieved by the use of lethally irradiated 3T3 cells at the correct density. When trypsinized human skin cells are plated together with the 3T3 cells, the growth of the human fibroblasts is largely suppressed, but epidermal cells grow from single cells into colonies. Each colony consists of keratinocytes ultimately forming a stratified squamous epithelium in which the dividing cells are confined to the lowest layer(s). Hydrocortisone is added to the medium, since in secondary and subsequent subcultures it makes the colony morphology more oderly and distinctive, and maintains proliferation at a slightly greater rate. Under these culture conditions, it is possible to isolate keratinocyte clones free of viable fibroblasts. Like human diploid fibroblasts, human diploid keratinocytes appear to have a finite culture lifetime. For 7 strains studied, the culture lifetime ranged from 20-50 cell generations. The plating efficiency of the epidermal cells taken directly from skin was usually 0.1-1.0%. On subsequent transfer of the cultures initiated from newborns, the plating efficiency rose to 10% or higher, but was most often in the range of 1-5% and dropped sharply toward the end of their culture life. The plating efficiency and culture lifetime were lower for keratinocytes of older persons.
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            Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin.

            Sheila MacNeil (2007)
            Tissue-engineered skin is now a reality. For patients with extensive full-thickness burns, laboratory expansion of skin cells to achieve barrier function can make the difference between life and death, and it was this acute need that drove the initiation of tissue engineering in the 1980s. A much larger group of patients have ulcers resistant to conventional healing, and treatments using cultured skin cells have been devised to restart the wound-healing process. In the laboratory, the use of tissue-engineered skin provides insight into the behaviour of skin cells in healthy skin and in diseases such as vitiligo, melanoma, psoriasis and blistering disorders.
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              A review of tissue-engineered skin bioconstructs available for skin reconstruction.

              V. Shevchenko, S. James (2010)
              Situations where normal autografts cannot be used to replace damaged skin often lead to a greater risk of mortality, prolonged hospital stay and increased expenditure for the National Health Service. There is a substantial need for tissue-engineered skin bioconstructs and research is active in this field. Significant progress has been made over the years in the development and clinical use of bioengineered components of the various skin layers. Off-the-shelf availability of such constructs, or production of sufficient quantities of biological materials to aid rapid wound closure, are often the only means to help patients with major skin loss. The aim of this review is to describe those materials already commercially available for clinical use as well as to give a short insight to those under development. It seeks to provide skin scientists/tissue engineers with the information required to not only develop in vitro models of skin, but to move closer to achieving the ultimate goal of an off-the-shelf, complete full-thickness skin replacement.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                John G. Hardy: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 April 2017
                Publication date Collection: April 2017
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 789
                Affiliations
                Center for Nanobiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, 1627 Harris Way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA; achaudhari@ 123456alasu.edu (A.C.); tripshweta@ 123456gmail.com (S.T.); sdixit@ 123456alasu.edu (S.D.); sahu.rajnish@ 123456gmail.com (R.S.); spillai@ 123456alasu.edu (S.P.); vdennis@ 123456alasu.edu (V.A.D.); ssingh@ 123456alasu.edu (S.R.S.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: komalvig@ 123456alasu.edu ; Tel.: +1-334-229-5132
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-18-00789
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040789
                PMC ID: 5412373
                PubMed ID: 28387714
                SO-VID: 7632f6d1-3bff-4bcf-83d1-c8a4627bfa24
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 09 February 2017
                Date accepted : 04 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tissue engineering,skin regeneration,skin substitutes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tissue engineering, skin regeneration, skin substitutes

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