The Macroevolutionary History of Bony Fishes: A Paleontological View

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Abstract

Bony fishes are the principal group of backboned animals in contemporary aquatic settings. Extant species are the focus of a vigorous program of macroevolutionary research, but paleontology offers important perspectives. Multiple fossil records bear on the evolution of bony fishes, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Understanding of the interrelationships among living bony fishes has improved substantially in recent years, but confidence in the phylogenetic placement of fossils is highly variable. This reflects limitations in current understanding of both fossil anatomy and hard-tissue characters for extant clades. Patterns of taxonomic and morphological diversity over bony fish history remain incompletely known, with most studies restricted to particular clades or specific intervals of time. The wealth of anatomical data recorded by the fossil record could make an important addition to a growing body of work examining phenotypic evolution across living species, but incorporating this information requires the placement of fossils within phylogenetic trees.

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The biomass distribution on Earth

Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, Ron Milo (2018)

Significance The composition of the biosphere is a fundamental question in biology, yet a global quantitative account of the biomass of each taxon is still lacking. We assemble a census of the biomass of all kingdoms of life. This analysis provides a holistic view of the composition of the biosphere and allows us to observe broad patterns over taxonomic categories, geographic locations, and trophic modes.

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Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates.

Michael Alfaro, Francesco Santini, Chad Brock … (2009)

The uneven distribution of species richness is a fundamental and unexplained pattern of vertebrate biodiversity. Although species richness in groups like mammals, birds, or teleost fishes is often attributed to accelerated cladogenesis, we lack a quantitative conceptual framework for identifying and comparing the exceptional changes of tempo in vertebrate evolutionary history. We develop MEDUSA, a stepwise approach based upon the Akaike information criterion for detecting multiple shifts in birth and death rates on an incompletely resolved phylogeny. We apply MEDUSA incompletely to a diversity tree summarizing both evolutionary relationships and species richness of 44 major clades of jawed vertebrates. We identify 9 major changes in the tempo of gnathostome diversification; the most significant of these lies at the base of a clade that includes most of the coral-reef associated fishes as well as cichlids and perches. Rate increases also underlie several well recognized tetrapod radiations, including most modern birds, lizards and snakes, ostariophysan fishes, and most eutherian mammals. In addition, we find that large sections of the vertebrate tree exhibit nearly equal rates of origination and extinction, providing some of the first evidence from molecular data for the importance of faunal turnover in shaping biodiversity. Together, these results reveal living vertebrate biodiversity to be the product of volatile turnover punctuated by 6 accelerations responsible for >85% of all species as well as 3 slowdowns that have produced "living fossils." In addition, by revealing the timing of the exceptional pulses of vertebrate diversification as well as the clades that experience them, our diversity tree provides a framework for evaluating particular causal hypotheses of vertebrate radiations.

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Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes

Ricardo Betancur-R., Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia … (2017)

Background Fish classifications, as those of most other taxonomic groups, are being transformed drastically as new molecular phylogenies provide support for natural groups that were unanticipated by previous studies. A brief review of the main criteria used by ichthyologists to define their classifications during the last 50 years, however, reveals slow progress towards using an explicit phylogenetic framework. Instead, the trend has been to rely, in varying degrees, on deep-rooted anatomical concepts and authority, often mixing taxa with explicit phylogenetic support with arbitrary groupings. Two leading sources in ichthyology frequently used for fish classifications (JS Nelson’s volumes of Fishes of the World and W. Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes) fail to adopt a global phylogenetic framework despite much recent progress made towards the resolution of the fish Tree of Life. The first explicit phylogenetic classification of bony fishes was published in 2013, based on a comprehensive molecular phylogeny (www.deepfin.org). We here update the first version of that classification by incorporating the most recent phylogenetic results. Results The updated classification presented here is based on phylogenies inferred using molecular and genomic data for nearly 2000 fishes. A total of 72 orders (and 79 suborders) are recognized in this version, compared with 66 orders in version 1. The phylogeny resolves placement of 410 families, or ~80% of the total of 514 families of bony fishes currently recognized. The ordinal status of 30 percomorph families included in this study, however, remains uncertain (incertae sedis in the series Carangaria, Ovalentaria, or Eupercaria). Comments to support taxonomic decisions and comparisons with conflicting taxonomic groups proposed by others are presented. We also highlight cases were morphological support exist for the groups being classified. Conclusions This version of the phylogenetic classification of bony fishes is substantially improved, providing resolution for more taxa than previous versions, based on more densely sampled phylogenetic trees. The classification presented in this study represents, unlike any other, the most up-to-date hypothesis of the Tree of Life of fishes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.

Publisher: Annual Reviews

ISSN (Print): 1543-592X

ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2069

Publication date Created: November 02 2022

Publication date (Print): November 02 2022

Volume: 53

Issue: 1

Pages: 353-377

Affiliations

[1 ]Museum of Paleontology and Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan;

Article

DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-111720-010447

SO-VID: 7572126e-ddef-4c94-b7bf-6e3d1bb6e697

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The Macroevolutionary History of Bony Fishes: A Paleontological View

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Most cited references 121

The biomass distribution on Earth

Nine exceptional radiations plus high turnover explain species diversity in jawed vertebrates.

Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes

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