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      Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: Roles in Embryo Implantation and in Nonhormonal Contraception

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      Author(s): * ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: The Scientific World Journal
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) plays an indispensible role in embryo implantation. Aberrant LIF production is linked to implantation failure. LIF regulates multiple processes prior to and during implantation such as uterine transformation into a receptive state, decidualization, blastocyst growth and development, embryo-endometrial interaction, trophoblast invasion, and immune modulation. Due to its critical role, LIF has been a target for a nonhormonal contraception. In this review, we summarize up-to-date information on the role of LIF in implantation and its role in contraception.

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          The antiproliferative action of progesterone in uterine epithelium is mediated by Hand2.

          Indrani Bagchi, Deepak Srivastava, Athilakshmi Kannan … (2011)
          During pregnancy, progesterone inhibits the growth-promoting actions of estrogen in the uterus. However, the mechanism for this is not clear. The attenuation of estrogen-mediated proliferation of the uterine epithelium by progesterone is a prerequisite for successful implantation. Our study reveals that progesterone-induced expression of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Hand2 in the uterine stroma suppresses the production of several fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that act as paracrine mediators of mitogenic effects of estrogen on the epithelium. In mouse uteri lacking Hand2, continued induction of these FGFs in the stroma maintains epithelial proliferation and stimulates estrogen-induced pathways, resulting in impaired implantation. Thus, Hand2 is a critical regulator of the uterine stromal-epithelial communication that directs proper steroid regulation conducive for the establishment of pregnancy.
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            Human pre-implantation embryo development.

            K Niakan, Jinnuo Han, Carlos Simon … (2012)
            Understanding human pre-implantation development has important implications for assisted reproductive technology (ART) and for human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based therapies. Owing to limited resources, the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing this early stage of human development are poorly understood. Nonetheless, recent advances in non-invasive imaging techniques and molecular and genomic technologies have helped to increase our understanding of this fascinating stage of human development. Here, we summarize what is currently known about human pre-implantation embryo development and highlight how further studies of human pre-implantation embryos can be used to improve ART and to fully harness the potential of hESCs for therapeutic goals.
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              The Th1:Th2 Dichotomy of Pregnancy and Preterm Labour

              Lynne Sykes, David A. MacIntyre, Xiao Yap … (2012)
              Pregnancy is a unique immunological state in which a balance of immune tolerance and suppression is needed to protect the fetus without compromising the mother. It has long been established that a bias from the T helper 1 cytokine profile towards the T helper 2 profile contributes towards successful pregnancy maintenance. The majority of publications that report on aberrant Th1:Th2 balance focus on early pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. Over the last few decades, there has been an increased awareness of the role of infection and inflammation in preterm labour, and the search for new biomarkers to predict preterm labour continues. In this paper, we explore the evidence for an aberrant Th1:Th2 profile associated with preterm labour. We also consider the potential for its use in screening women at high risk of preterm labour and for prophylactic therapeutic measures for the prevention of preterm labour and associated neonatal adverse outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ScientificWorldJournal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TSWJ
                Title: The Scientific World Journal
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2356-6140
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-744X
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 July 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 201514
                Affiliations
                Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Víctor Sánchez-Margalet

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4926-0490
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1263-103X
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/201514
                PMC ID: 4131495
                PubMed ID: 25152902
                SO-VID: 755c3000-9aad-49a9-864f-bbfad4267f3e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 N. Salleh and N. Giribabu.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 April 2014
                Date accepted : 9 June 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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