La leptospirosis en las producciones caprinas. Artículo reseña

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Abstract

La incidencia de leptospirosis caprina y su impacto productivo es un tema poco estudiado en Cuba; sin embargo, ante el incremento de las crianzas para carne y leche, es necesario ampliar el debate especializado sobre las manifestaciones y consecuencias de enfermedad en estas especies. En esta reseña se ha realizado una revisión de las publicaciones recientes con el objetivo de brindar a los especialistas e interesados información actualizada y resumida sobre el tema, con énfasis en la relevancia de los caprinos como reservorios del patógeno y fuentes de transmisión al humano.

Translated abstract

The incidence of goat leptospirosis and its productive impact is a subject that has not been studied in Cuba; however, in view of the increase in meat and milk breeding, it is necessary to broaden the specialized debate on the manifestations and consequences of disease in these species. In this review, a review of recent publications has been carried out in order to provide specialists and interested parties with updated and summarized information on the subject, with emphasis on the relevance of goats as reservoirs of the pathogen and sources of transmission to humans.

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Neglected bacterial zoonoses.

I Chikeka, J Dumler (2015)

Bacterial zoonoses comprise a group of diseases in humans or animals acquired by direct contact with or by oral consumption of contaminated animal materials, or via arthropod vectors. Among neglected infections, bacterial zoonoses are among the most neglected given emerging data on incidence and prevalence as causes of acute febrile illness, even in areas where recognized neglected tropical diseases occur frequently. Although many other bacterial infections could also be considered in this neglected category, five distinct infections stand out because they are globally distributed, are acute febrile diseases, have high rates of morbidity and case fatality, and are reported as commonly as malaria, typhoid or dengue virus infections in carefully designed studies in which broad-spectrum diagnoses are actively sought. This review will focus attention on leptospirosis, relapsing fever borreliosis and rickettsioses, including scrub typhus, murine typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiosis. Of greatest interest is the lack of distinguishing clinical features among these infections when in humans, which confounds diagnosis where laboratory confirmation is lacking, and in regions where clinical diagnosis is often attributed to one of several perceived more common threats. As diseases such as malaria come under improved control, the real impact of these common and under-recognized infections will become evident, as will the requirement for the strategies and allocation of resources for their control.

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Animal Leptospirosis in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: Reported Outbreaks and Literature Review (2002–2014)

Jessica Petrakovsky, Alejandra Bianchi, Helen Fisun … (2014)

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease whose transmission is linked through multiple factors in the animal-human-ecosystem interface. The data on leptospirosis reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) for Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries/sovereign territories from 2005–2011 were mapped, showing a wide distribution of outbreaks in the region. Tropical terrestrial biomes are the predominate ecosystems showing reports of outbreaks. Climatic and ecological factors were relevant to the occurrence of epidemic outbreaks. The available scientific information from 2002–2014 was summarized to obtain a general overview and identify key issues related to the One Health approach. The primary serological test used for diagnosis and for conducting surveys was the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Reports regarding the isolation and typing of leptospires were scattered and limited to data from a few countries, but their results revealed considerable biodiversity at the species and serovar levels. A total of six out of 11 currently named pathogenic species were found in the region. There was also high diversity of animal species showing evidence of infection by leptospires, including rodents, pets, livestock and wild animals. Prevention and control measures for leptospirosis should consider issues of animal and human health in the context of ecosystems, the territorial land borders of countries and trade.

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Leptospirosis: aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the complement system.

Fernando S. Barbosa, Lourdes Isaac, R. Fraga‐Iriso (2011)

Leptospirosis is a neglected infectious disease caused by spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. It constitutes a major public health problem in developing countries, with outcomes ranging from subclinical infections to fatal pulmonary haemorrhage and Weil's syndrome. To successfully establish an infection, leptospires bind to extracellular matrix compounds and host cells. The interaction of leptospires with pathogen recognition receptors is a fundamental issue in leptospiral immunity as well as in immunophatology. Pathogenic but not saprophytic leptospires are able to evade the host complement system, circulate in the blood and spread into tissues. The target organs in human leptospirosis include the kidneys and the lungs. The association of an autoimmune process with these pathologies has been explored and diverse mechanisms that permit leptospires to survive in the kidneys of reservoir animals have been proposed. However, despite the intense research aimed at the development of a leptospirosis vaccine supported by the genome sequencing of Leptospira strains, there have been relatively few studies focused on leptospiral immunity. The knowledge of evasion strategies employed by pathogenic leptospires to subvert the immune system is of extreme importance as they may represent targets for the development of new treatments and prophylactic approaches in leptospirosis. © 2011 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.