<i>Trans</i> isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development

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Abstract

It is well known that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play an important role in neurodevelopment in the perinatal life. The most important source of these fatty acids is the diet, however, they can also be formed in the human body from their shorter chain precursors, the essential fatty acids. Since the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after birth, the exclusive source of these fatty acids for breastfed infants is human milk, which can be influenced by the mother’s diet. Unsaturated fatty acids can have either cis or trans configuration double bond in their chain with distinct physiological effects. Cis isomeric unsaturated fatty acids have several beneficial effects, while trans isomers are mostly detrimental, because of their similar structure to saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs) can be further subdivided into industrial (iTFA) and ruminant-derived trans fatty acids (rTFA). However, the physiological effects of these two TFA subgroups may differ. In adults, dietary intake of iTFA has been linked to atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, and increased development of certain cancers, among other diseases. However, iTFAs can have a negative impact on health not only in adulthood but in childhood too. Results from previous studies have shown that iTFAs have a significant negative effect on LCPUFA levels in the blood of newborns and infants. In addition, iTFAs can affect the growth and development of infants, and animal studies suggest that they might even have lasting negative effects later in life. Since the only source of TFAs in the human body is the diet, the TFA content of breast milk may determine the TFA supply of breastfed infants and thus affect the levels of LCPUFAs important for neurodevelopment and the health of infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the TFA content in human milk available in the literature and their potential effects on infant health and development.

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Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Ashkan Afshin, Patrick John Sur, Kairsten A. Fay … (2019)

Summary Background Suboptimal diet is an important preventable risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs); however, its impact on the burden of NCDs has not been systematically evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate the consumption of major foods and nutrients across 195 countries and to quantify the impact of their suboptimal intake on NCD mortality and morbidity. Methods By use of a comparative risk assessment approach, we estimated the proportion of disease-specific burden attributable to each dietary risk factor (also referred to as population attributable fraction) among adults aged 25 years or older. The main inputs to this analysis included the intake of each dietary factor, the effect size of the dietary factor on disease endpoint, and the level of intake associated with the lowest risk of mortality. Then, by use of disease-specific population attributable fractions, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), we calculated the number of deaths and DALYs attributable to diet for each disease outcome. Findings In 2017, 11 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 10–12) deaths and 255 million (234–274) DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium (3 million [1–5] deaths and 70 million [34–118] DALYs), low intake of whole grains (3 million [2–4] deaths and 82 million [59–109] DALYs), and low intake of fruits (2 million [1–4] deaths and 65 million [41–92] DALYs) were the leading dietary risk factors for deaths and DALYs globally and in many countries. Dietary data were from mixed sources and were not available for all countries, increasing the statistical uncertainty of our estimates. Interpretation This study provides a comprehensive picture of the potential impact of suboptimal diet on NCD mortality and morbidity, highlighting the need for improving diet across nations. Our findings will inform implementation of evidence-based dietary interventions and provide a platform for evaluation of their impact on human health annually. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Breastfeeding and the use of human milk.

(2012)

Breastfeeding and human milk are the normative standards for infant feeding and nutrition. Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding." National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General's Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The "Business Case for Breastfeeding" details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

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Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance - A review.

Ramesh Kumar Saini, Young-Soo Keum (2018)

Linoleic acid (LA) (n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (n-3) are essential fatty acids (EFAs) as they cannot be synthesized by humans or other higher animals. In the human body, these fatty acids (FAs) give rise to arachidonic acid (ARA, n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, n-3) that play key roles in regulating body homeostasis. Locally acting bioactive signaling lipids called eicosanoids derived from these FAs also regulate diverse homeostatic processes. In general, ARA gives rise to pro-inflammatory eicosanoids whereas EPA and DHA give rise to anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Thus, a proportionally higher consumption of n-3 PUFAs can protect us against inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic diseases. The present review summarizes major sources, intake, and global consumption of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. Their metabolism to biosynthesize long-chain PUFAs and eicosanoids and their roles in brain metabolism, cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and bone health are also discussed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Okba Hatem: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2647030/overviewRole: Role:

Ömer Furkan Kaçar: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2652620/overviewRole: Role:

Hüsna Kaya Kaçar: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2653518/overviewRole: Role:

József L. Szentpéteri: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2154512/overviewRole: Role:

Tamás Marosvölgyi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/965518/overviewRole: Role: Role:

Éva Szabó: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1001569/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role:

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Nutr

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Nutr

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Nutr.

Title: Frontiers in Nutrition

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 2296-861X

Publication date (Electronic): 07 March 2024

Publication date Collection: 2024

Volume: 11

Electronic Location Identifier: 1379772

Affiliations

[1] ¹Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary

[2] ²Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary

[3] ³Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Amasya University , Amasya, Türkiye

[4] ⁴Institute of Transdisciplinary Discoveries, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary

[5] ⁵Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs, Hungary

Author notes

Edited by: Claude Billeaud, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, France

Reviewed by: Frederic Destaillats, Checkerspot, Inc., United States

Leslie Couedelo, Institut des Corps Gras, France

*Correspondence: Éva Szabó, szabo.eva.dr@ 123456pte.hu

^†These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1379772

PMC ID: 10954868

PubMed ID: 38515522

SO-VID: 74f08cd8-0502-472e-ba64-3d5ddf0b2a41

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 31 January 2024

Date accepted : 27 February 2024

Page count

Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 167, Pages: 17, Words: 16180

Funding

The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Custom metadata

section-at-acceptance Nutrition and Metabolism

Keywords: development,human milk,infant,newborn,nutrition,review,trans fatty acid

Data availability:

Keywords: development, human milk, infant, newborn, nutrition, review, trans fatty acid

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