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      Breath chemical markers of sexual arousal in humans

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          Abstract

          The chemical composition of exhaled breath was examined for volatile organic compound (VOC) indicators of sexual arousal in human beings. Participants (12-male, 12-female) were shown a randomized series of three emotion-inducing 10-min film clips interspersed with 3-min neutral film clips. The films caused different arousals: sports film (positive-nonsexual); horror film (negative-nonsexual); and erotic (sexual) that were monitored with physiological measurements including genital response and temperature. Simultaneously the breath was monitored for VOC and CO 2. While some breath compounds (methanol and acetone) changed uniformly irrespective of the film order, several compounds did show significant arousal associated changes. For both genders CO 2 and isoprene decreased in the sex clip. Some male individuals showed particularly strong increases of indole, phenol and cresol coincident with sexual arousal that decreased rapidly afterwards. These VOCs are degradation products of tyrosine and tryptophan, precursors for dopamine, noradrenalin, and serotonin, and therefore represent potential breath markers of sexual arousal.

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          The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function.

          R. Rosen, C. Brown, J. Heiman, S. Leib (2011)
          This article presents the development of a brief, self-report measure of female sexual function. Initial face validity testing of questionnaire items, identified by an expert panel, was followed by a study aimed at further refining the questionnaire. It was administered to 131 normal controls and 128 age-matched subjects with female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) at five research centers. Based on clinical interpretations of a principal components analysis, a 6-domain structure was identified, which included desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Overall test-retest reliability coefficients were high for each of the individual domains (r = 0.79 to 0.86) and a high degree of internal consistency was observed (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.82 and higher) Good construct validity was demonstrated by highly significant mean difference scores between the FSAD and control groups for each of the domains (p < or = 0.001). Additionally, divergent validity with a scale of marital satisfaction was observed. These results support the reliability and psychometric (as well as clinical) validity of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the assessment of key dimensions of female sexual function in clinical and nonclinical samples. Our findings also suggest important gender differences in the patterning of female sexual function in comparison with similar questionnaire studies in males.
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            The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction.

            R Rosen, A. Riley, G. Wagner … (1997)
            To develop a brief, reliable, self-administered measure of erectile function that is cross-culturally valid and psychometrically sound, with the sensitivity and specificity for detecting treatment-related changes in patients with erectile dysfunction. Relevant domains of sexual function across various cultures were identified via a literature search of existing questionnaires and interviews of male patients with erectile dysfunction and of their partners. An initial questionnaire was administered to patients with erectile dysfunction, with results reviewed by an international panel of experts. Following linguistic validation in 10 languages, the final 15-item questionnaire, the international index of Erectile Function (IIEF), was examined for sensitivity, specificity, reliability (internal consistency and test-retest repeatability), and construct (concurrent, convergent, and discriminant) validity. A principal components analysis identified five factors (that is, erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction) with eigenvalues greater than 1.0. A high degree of internal consistency was observed for each of the five domains and for the total scale (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.73 and higher and 0.91 and higher, respectively) in the populations studied. Test-retest repeatability correlation coefficients for the five domain scores were highly significant. The IIEF demonstrated adequate construct validity, and all five domains showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity to the effects of treatment. Significant (P values = 0.0001) changes between baseline and post-treatment scores were observed across all five domains in the treatment responder cohort, but not in the treatment nonresponder cohort. The IIEF addresses the relevant domains of male sexual function (that is, erectile function, orgasmic function, sexual desire, intercourse satisfaction, and overall satisfaction), is psychometrically sound, and has been linguistically validated in 10 languages. This questionnaire is readily self-administered in research or clinical settings. The IIEF demonstrates the sensitivity and specificity for detecting treatment-related changes in patients with erectile dysfunction.
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              Pleasure systems in the brain.

              Kent C. Berridge, Morten Kringelbach (2015)
              Pleasure is mediated by well-developed mesocorticolimbic circuitry and serves adaptive functions. In affective disorders, anhedonia (lack of pleasure) or dysphoria (negative affect) can result from breakdowns of that hedonic system. Human neuroimaging studies indicate that surprisingly similar circuitry is activated by quite diverse pleasures, suggesting a common neural currency shared by all. Wanting for reward is generated by a large and distributed brain system. Liking, or pleasure itself, is generated by a smaller set of hedonic hot spots within limbic circuitry. Those hot spots also can be embedded in broader anatomical patterns of valence organization, such as in a keyboard pattern of nucleus accumbens generators for desire versus dread. In contrast, some of the best known textbook candidates for pleasure generators, including classic pleasure electrodes and the mesolimbic dopamine system, may not generate pleasure after all. These emerging insights into brain pleasure mechanisms may eventually facilitate better treatments for affective disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                J. Williams:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-1703
                jonathan.williams@mpic.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 April 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 15 April 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6267
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.419509.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0491 8257, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, ; Mainz, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.4494.d, ISNI 0000 0000 9558 4598, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, ; Groningen, The Netherlands
                [3 ]GRID grid.5808.5, ISNI 0000 0001 1503 7226, CPUP, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, , University of Porto, ; Porto, Portugal
                [4 ]GRID grid.413108.f, ISNI 0000 0000 9737 0454, Rostock University Medical Center, ; Rostock, Germany
                [5 ]GRID grid.426429.f, ISNI 0000 0004 0580 3152, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, , The Cyprus Institute, ; Nicosia, Cyprus
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-1703
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10325
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10325-6
                PMC ID: 9012850
                PubMed ID: 35428791
                SO-VID: 74cad50f-2744-48a8-b2a8-65d3ef98d443
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 15 October 2021
                Date accepted : 6 April 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: European Commission H2020 Research Infrastructures IMPACT
                Award ID: 674911
                Funded by: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (2)
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: biochemistry,chemical biology,biomarkers,medical research
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: biochemistry, chemical biology, biomarkers, medical research

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