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      Emerging roles of the solute carrier family in pancreatic cancer

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          Abstract

          Pancreatic cancer is a gastrointestinal tumor with a high mortality rate, and advances in surgical procedures have only resulted in limited improvements in the prognosis of patients. Solute carriers (SLCs), which rank second among membrane transport proteins in terms of abundance, regulate cellular functions, including tumor biology. An increasing number of studies focusing on the role of SLCs in tumor biology have indicated their relationship with pancreatic cancer. The mechanism of SLC transporters in tumorigenesis has been explored to identify more effective therapies and improve survival outcomes. These transporters are significant biomarkers for pancreatic cancer, the functions of which include mainly proliferative signaling, cell death, angiogenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis, energy metabolism, chemotherapy sensitivity and other functions in tumor biology. In this review, we summarize the different roles of SLCs and explain their potential applications in pancreatic cancer treatment.

          Abstract

          Pancreatic cancer is a rare but highly fatal disease with poor prognosis. Some solute carriers (SLCs) have been identified to participate in several steps of pancreatic tumorigenesis, which would be a hot spot of future research and serve as new therapeutic strategies.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

            Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg (2011)
            The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Cancer statistics, 2018

              Kimberly D Miller, Rebecca L Siegel, Ahmedin Jemal (2018)
              Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2014, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2015, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2005-2014) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2006-2015) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. The combined cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2015 by a total of 26%, translating to approximately 2,378,600 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Of the 10 leading causes of death, only cancer declined from 2014 to 2015. In 2015, the cancer death rate was 14% higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) overall (death rate ratio [DRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13-1.15), but the racial disparity was much larger for individuals aged <65 years (DRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.29-1.32) compared with those aged ≥65 years (DRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.09) and varied substantially by state. For example, the cancer death rate was lower in NHBs than NHWs in Massachusetts for all ages and in New York for individuals aged ≥65 years, whereas for those aged <65 years, it was 3 times higher in NHBs in the District of Columbia (DRR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.16-3.91) and about 50% higher in Wisconsin (DRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.56-2.02), Kansas (DRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25-1.81), Louisiana (DRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.38-1.60), Illinois (DRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.39-1.57), and California (DRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.38-1.54). Larger racial inequalities in young and middle-aged adults probably partly reflect less access to high-quality health care. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:7-30. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Xianjun Yu:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-7143
                yuxianjun@fudanpci.org
                Si Shi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-0629
                shisi@fudanpci.org
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Transl Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin Transl Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2001-1326
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CTM2
                Title: Clinical and Translational Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2001-1326
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 March 2021
                Publication date Collection: March 2021
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/ctm2.v11.3 )
                Electronic Location Identifier: e356
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Pancreatic Surgery Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center Shanghai China
                [ 2 ] Department of Oncology Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai China
                [ 3 ] Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute Shanghai China
                [ 4 ] Pancreatic Cancer Institute Fudan University Shanghai China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Si Shi, Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.

                Email: shisi@ 123456fudanpci.org

                Xianjun Yu, Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, No. 270 Dong'An Road, Shanghai 200032, China.

                Email: yuxianjun@ 123456fudanpci.org

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6697-7143
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-0629
                Article
                Publisher ID: CTM2356
                DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.356
                PMC ID: 7989705
                PubMed ID: 33783998
                SO-VID: 748e2e72-44ee-49b8-8d72-7b52d99d061b
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date revision received : 25 February 2021
                Date received : 25 November 2020
                Date accepted : 01 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Pages: 17, Words: 9800
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date March 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.0 mode:remove_FC converted:24.03.2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: pancreatic cancer,solute carrier,tumor biology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: pancreatic cancer, solute carrier, tumor biology

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