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      Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 bce in Eurasia

      research-article
      1 , 108 , , 1 , 1 , 1 , 109 , 1 , 110 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 111 , 1 , 112 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 1 , 113 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 20 , 21 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 28 , 32 , 32 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 41 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 60 , 62 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 1 , 114 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 75 , 76 , 13 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 89 , 86 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 95 , 1 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 100 , 1 , 101 , 95 , 102 , 103 , 69 , 104 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 106 , 17 , 107 , 107 , 61 , 4 , 37 , 115 , 37 , 1 ,
      Nature
      Nature Publishing Group UK
      Evolutionary genetics, Population genetics, Archaeology

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          Abstract

          Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility 1 . However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious 24 . Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier 3, 5 . Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses 6, 7 . This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

          Abstract

          Analyses of 475 ancient horse genomes show modern horses emerged around 2200 bce, coinciding with sudden expansion across Eurasia, refuting the narrative of large horse herds accompanying earlier migrations of steppe peoples across Europe.

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          Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.

          As the rate of sequencing increases, greater throughput is demanded from read aligners. The full-text minute index is often used to make alignment very fast and memory-efficient, but the approach is ill-suited to finding longer, gapped alignments. Bowtie 2 combines the strengths of the full-text minute index with the flexibility and speed of hardware-accelerated dynamic programming algorithms to achieve a combination of high speed, sensitivity and accuracy.
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            THE INTCAL20 NORTHERN HEMISPHERE RADIOCARBON AGE CALIBRATION CURVE (0–55 CAL kBP)

            Radiocarbon ( 14 C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14 C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14 C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14 C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14 C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14 C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.
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              Bayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Dates

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                pablo.librado@ibe.upf-csic.es
                ludovic.orlando@univ-tlse3.fr
                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                6 June 2024
                6 June 2024
                2024
                : 631
                : 8022
                : 819-825
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.15781.3a, ISNI 0000 0001 0723 035X, Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, , Faculté de Médecine Purpan, ; Toulouse, France
                [2 ]INRAE Division Ecology and Biodiversity (ECODIV), Plant Genomic Resources Center (CNRGV), Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
                [3 ]GRID grid.460789.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4910 6535, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Évry, , Université Paris-Saclay, ; Évry, France
                [4 ]GRID grid.460789.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4910 6535, Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Évry, , Université Paris-Saclay, ; Évry, France
                [5 ]GRID grid.266093.8, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7243, Department of Earth System Science, , University of California, ; Irvine, CA USA
                [6 ]Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, ( https://ror.org/03s65by71) Santa Cruz, CA USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.507621.7, INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, , Genotoul, ; Castanet-Tolosan, France
                [8 ]The Royal Danish Academy, Institute of Conservation, ( https://ror.org/031gjxb79) Copenhagen, Denmark
                [9 ]Department for Prehistory Middle Ages and Renaissance, National Museum of Denmark, ( https://ror.org/0462zf838) Copenhagen K, Denmark
                [10 ]Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark
                [11 ]UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, ( https://ror.org/057qpr032) Pessac Cédex, France
                [12 ]Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria
                [13 ]Vinkovci Municipal Museum, ( https://ror.org/05fa1xs93) Vinkovci, Croatia
                [14 ]Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, ( https://ror.org/001xj8m36) Zagreb, Croatia
                [15 ]Ilok Town Museum, Ilok, Croatia
                [16 ]Narodni muzej Slovenije, ( https://ror.org/01mkt8h07) Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [17 ]Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, ( https://ror.org/01w6qp003) Vienna, Austria
                [18 ]Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), ( https://ror.org/0483qx226) Mainz, Germany
                [19 ]GRID grid.4299.6, ISNI 0000 0001 2169 3852, Department of Prehistory & Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), , Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), ; Vienna, Austria
                [20 ]GRID grid.417885.7, ISNI 0000 0001 2185 8223, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, ; Jouy-en-Josas, France
                [21 ]Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ( https://ror.org/04k031t90) Maisons-Alfort, France
                [22 ]GRID grid.9619.7, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0538, National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, , The Hebrew University, ; Jerusalem, Israel
                [23 ]Museum Østjylland, Grenaa, Denmark
                [24 ]Department of Archaeology, Moesgaard Museum, ( https://ror.org/002yb3q28) Højbjerg, Denmark
                [25 ]Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, ( https://ror.org/002yb3q28) Højbjerg, Denmark
                [26 ]Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, ( https://ror.org/01aj84f44) Højbjerg, Denmark
                [27 ]Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ( https://ror.org/0102mm775) Toruń, Poland
                [28 ]GRID grid.5633.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 3545, Faculty of Archaeology, , Adam Mickiewicz University, ; Poznań, Poland
                [29 ]Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ( https://ror.org/015h0qg34) Lublin, Poland
                [30 ]Kremenetsko-Pochaivskii Derzhavnyi Istoriko-arkhitekturnyi Zapovidnik, Kremenets, Ukraine
                [31 ]GRID grid.418751.e, ISNI 0000 0004 0385 8977, Institute of Archaeology, , National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ; Kyiv, Ukraine
                [32 ]Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, ( https://ror.org/02tyrky19) Dublin, Ireland
                [33 ]ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, ( https://ror.org/014g34x36) Faro, Portugal
                [34 ]Universidade Aberta, ( https://ror.org/02rv3w387) Lisbon, Portugal
                [35 ]Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, Universidade do Algarve, ( https://ror.org/014g34x36) Faro, Portugal
                [36 ]Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, ( https://ror.org/02xankh89) Lisbon, Portugal
                [37 ]Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, ( https://ror.org/03yghzc09) Exeter, UK
                [38 ]School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, ( https://ror.org/04h699437) Leicester, UK
                [39 ]Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, ( https://ror.org/05nywn832) Berlin, Germany
                [40 ]GRID grid.7468.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2248 7639, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, , Humboldt University Berlin, ; Berlin, Germany
                [41 ]Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, ( https://ror.org/00wjc7c48) Milan, Italy
                [42 ]Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, ( https://ror.org/02s6k3f65) Basel, Switzerland
                [43 ]Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Fondation Albert Ier, Paris/UMR 7194 HNHP, MNHN-CNRS-UPVD/EPCC Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique, ( https://ror.org/03zt3va85) Tautavel, France
                [44 ]Archéologie des Sociétés Méditeranéennes, Archimède IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01, CNRS UMR 5140, Université Paul Valéry, ( https://ror.org/04n9eyw42) Montpellier, France
                [45 ]Department for Digitalization and Knowledge Transfer, Federal Monuments Authority Austria, Vienna, Austria
                [46 ]Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, ( https://ror.org/01ybxp914) Halle (Saale), Germany
                [47 ]National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, ( https://ror.org/00r151p09) Budapest, Hungary
                [48 ]GRID grid.426536.0, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 306X, Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, , Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ; Ekaterinburg, Russia
                [49 ]Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, ( https://ror.org/00hs7dr46) Ekaterinburg, Russia
                [50 ]GRID grid.447879.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0792 540X, Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, , Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, ; Prague, Czechia
                [51 ]Independent researcher, Prague, Czechia
                [52 ]Department of Archaeology, University of York, ( https://ror.org/04m01e293) York, UK
                [53 ]Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, ( https://ror.org/03nadee84) Vilnius, Lithuania
                [54 ]Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, ( https://ror.org/02z81jf86) Kostanay, Kazakhstan
                [55 ]Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/00tnkbn59) Moscow, Russia
                [56 ]Department of Innovation and Technology, Ulaanbaatar Science and Technology Park, National University of Mongolia, ( https://ror.org/04855bv47) Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
                [57 ]GRID grid.4886.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, Zoological Institute, , Russian Academy of Sciences, ; St Petersburg, Russia
                [58 ]Department of Russian Regional Studies, National and State-confessional Relations, Altai State University, ( https://ror.org/04m4wwh75) Barnaul, Russia
                [59 ]GRID grid.465302.6, ISNI 0000 0004 4912 045X, Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, , Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, ; Novosibirsk, Russia
                [60 ]GRID grid.443601.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0387 8046, Toraighyrov University, , Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, ; Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
                [61 ]Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, ( https://ror.org/04m4wwh75) Barnaul, Russia
                [62 ]GRID grid.4886.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, Institute of the History of Material Culture, , Russian Academy of Sciences, ; St. Petersburg, Russia
                [63 ]Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, ( https://ror.org/05qrfxd25) St Petersburg, Russia
                [64 ]GRID grid.506076.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1797 5496, Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, ; Istanbul, Türkiye
                [65 ]Archaeology Department, Ankara University, ( https://ror.org/01wntqw50) Ankara, Türkiye
                [66 ]Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, ( https://ror.org/0130frc33) Chapel Hill, NC USA
                [67 ]Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, ( https://ror.org/035b05819) Copenhagen, Denmark
                [68 ]Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CI RAS), Grozny, Russia
                [69 ]GRID grid.4886.2, ISNI 0000 0001 2192 9124, Institute of Archaeology, , Russian Academy of Sciences, ; Moscow, Russia
                [70 ]Department of Archaeological Monuments, State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russian Federation
                [71 ]Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, Nalchik, Russian Federation
                [72 ]Östra Greda Research Group, Borgholm, Sweden
                [73 ]Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ( https://ror.org/02yy8x990) Uppsala, Sweden
                [74 ]Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, ( https://ror.org/05f950310) Leuven, Belgium
                [75 ]Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), ( https://ror.org/021018s57) Barcelona, Spain
                [76 ]Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, ( https://ror.org/00mv6sv71) Zagreb, Croatia
                [77 ]Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, ( https://ror.org/00mv6sv71) Zagreb, Croatia
                [78 ]Institute for Anthropological Research, ( https://ror.org/001xj8m36) Zagreb, Croatia
                [79 ]Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, ( https://ror.org/01ryk1543) Southampton, UK
                [80 ]GRID grid.5841.8, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0247, Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, , IAUB Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, ; Barcelona, Spain
                [81 ]C/Major, 20, Norfeu, Arqueologia Art i Patrimoni S.C., La Tallada d’Empordà, Spain
                [82 ]Mosaïques Archéologie, Espace d’activités de la Barthe, Cournonterral, France
                [83 ]Mon IberRocs SCL, Vilanova i la Geltrú (Barcelona), Spain
                [84 ]Ajuntament de Calafell, Calafell (Tarragona), Spain
                [85 ]GRID grid.436697.9, ISNI 0000 0001 2336 7321, Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya (MAC-Ullastret), ; Ullastret, Spain
                [86 ]GRID grid.425916.d, ISNI 0000 0001 2195 5891, IEC-Institut d’Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), ; Barcelona, Spain
                [87 ]Departament d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, ( https://ror.org/021018s57) Barcelona, Spain
                [88 ]Ecole Tunisienne d’Histoire et d’Anthropologie, Tunis, Tunisia
                [89 ]GRID grid.434856.8, ISNI 0000 0004 6008 1316, University of Tunis, , Institut National du Patrimoine, ; Tunis, Tunisia
                [90 ]Consell Insular d’Eivissa, Eivissa, Spain
                [91 ]ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ( https://ror.org/0371hy230) Barcelona, Spain
                [92 ]GRID grid.466756.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2184 3742, ICAC (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology), ; Tarragona, Spain
                [93 ]GRID grid.4711.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2183 4846, Archaeology of Social Dynamics (ASD), Institució Milà i Fontanals, , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), ; Barcelona, Spain
                [94 ]UNIARQ – Unidade de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, ( https://ror.org/01c27hj86) Lisboa, Portugal
                [95 ]Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
                [96 ]Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (IHRISN), ( https://ror.org/04xnqnd94) Yakutsk, Russia
                [97 ]Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, ( https://ror.org/00js75b59) Jena, Germany
                [98 ]Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Science, ( https://ror.org/04qfh2k37) Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
                [99 ]Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology, Western Kentucky University, ( https://ror.org/0446vnd56) Bowling Green, KY USA
                [100 ]Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, ( https://ror.org/04855bv47) Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
                [101 ]Faculty of History, University of Oxford, ( https://ror.org/052gg0110) Oxford, UK
                [102 ]Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology section, University of Tehran, ( https://ror.org/05vf56z40) Tehran, Iran
                [103 ]Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, ( https://ror.org/010pmpe69) Moscow, Russia
                [104 ]Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russia
                [105 ]UMR du CNRS 8215 Trajectoires, Institut d’Art et Archéologie, Paris, France
                [106 ]Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, ( https://ror.org/041qv0h25) Berlin, Germany
                [107 ]Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, ( https://ror.org/00g1zds18) Samara, Russia
                [108 ]Present Address: Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC – Universitat Pompeu Fabra), ( https://ror.org/04n0g0b29) Barcelona, Spain
                [109 ]Present Address: Zoological institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, ( https://ror.org/02s6k3f65) Basel, Switzerland
                [110 ]Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, ( https://ror.org/03b9y4e65) Mardan, Pakistan
                [111 ]GRID grid.465302.6, ISNI 0000 0004 4912 045X, Present Address: Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, , Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, ; Novosibirsk, Russia
                [112 ]Present Address: Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, ( https://ror.org/035b05819) Copenhagen, Denmark
                [113 ]Present Address: Taku Skan Skan Wasakliyapi: Global Institute for Traditional Sciences, Rapid City, SD USA
                [114 ]Present Address: Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), ( https://ror.org/04qtj9h94) Copenhagen, Denmark
                [115 ]Present Address: School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, ( https://ror.org/05m7pjf47) Dublin, Ireland
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                Article
                7597
                10.1038/s41586-024-07597-5
                11269178
                38843826
                7459c6c5-cc8f-4c64-877f-819fd560e362
                © The Author(s) 2024

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                History
                : 17 July 2023
                : 23 May 2024
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                evolutionary genetics,population genetics,archaeology
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                evolutionary genetics, population genetics, archaeology

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