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      Impact of the gut microbiome on atherosclerosis

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          Abstract

          Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory metabolic disease with a complex pathogenesis. However, the exact details of its pathogenesis are still unclear, which limits effective clinical treatment of atherosclerosis. Recently, multiple studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. This review discusses possible treatments for atherosclerosis using the gut microbiome as an intervention target and summarizes the role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in the development of atherosclerosis. New strategies for the treatment of atherosclerosis are needed. This review provides clues for further research on the mechanisms of the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis.

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          Most cited references83

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          A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing.

          Junjie Qin, Ruiqiang Li, Jeroen Raes … (2010)
          To understand the impact of gut microbes on human health and well-being it is crucial to assess their genetic potential. Here we describe the Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, assembly and characterization of 3.3 million non-redundant microbial genes, derived from 576.7 gigabases of sequence, from faecal samples of 124 European individuals. The gene set, approximately 150 times larger than the human gene complement, contains an overwhelming majority of the prevalent (more frequent) microbial genes of the cohort and probably includes a large proportion of the prevalent human intestinal microbial genes. The genes are largely shared among individuals of the cohort. Over 99% of the genes are bacterial, indicating that the entire cohort harbours between 1,000 and 1,150 prevalent bacterial species and each individual at least 160 such species, which are also largely shared. We define and describe the minimal gut metagenome and the minimal gut bacterial genome in terms of functions present in all individuals and most bacteria, respectively.
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            Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease

            Zeneng Wang, Elizabeth Klipfell, Brian J. Bennett … (2011)
            Metabolomics studies hold promise for discovery of pathways linked to disease processes. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. A metabolomics approach was used to generate unbiased small molecule metabolic profiles in plasma that predict risk for CVD. Three metabolites of the dietary lipid phosphatidylcholine, namely choline, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and betaine, were identified and then shown to predict risk for CVD in an independent large clinical cohort. Dietary supplementation of mice with choline, TMAO or betaine promoted up-regulation of multiple macrophage scavenger receptors linked to atherosclerosis, and supplementation with choline or TMAO promoted atherosclerosis. Studies using germ-free mice confirmed a critical role for dietary choline and gut flora in TMAO production, augmented macrophage cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation. Suppression of intestinal microflora in atherosclerosis-prone mice inhibited dietary choline-enhanced atherosclerosis. Genetic variations controlling expression of flavin monooxygenases (FMOs), an enzymatic source of TMAO, segregated with atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. Discovery of a relationship between gut flora-dependent metabolism of dietary phosphatidylcholine and CVD pathogenesis provides opportunities for development of both novel diagnostic tests and therapeutic approaches for atherosclerotic heart disease.
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              Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism

              Douglas J. Morrison, Tom Preston (2016)
              ABSTRACT The formation of SCFA is the result of a complex interplay between diet and the gut microbiota within the gut lumen environment. The discovery of receptors, across a range of cell and tissue types for which short chain fatty acids SCFA appear to be the natural ligands, has led to increased interest in SCFA as signaling molecules between the gut microbiota and the host. SCFA represent the major carbon flux from the diet through the gut microbiota to the host and evidence is emerging for a regulatory role of SCFA in local, intermediary and peripheral metabolism. However, a lack of well-designed and controlled human studies has hampered our understanding of the significance of SCFA in human metabolic health. This review aims to pull together recent findings on the role of SCFA in human metabolism to highlight the multi-faceted role of SCFA on different metabolic systems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Li‐Shun Wang: lishunwang@fudan.edu.cn
                Li Shen: shen.li1@zs-hospital.sh.cn
                Jun‐Bo Ge: jbge@zs-hospital.sh.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): mLife
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): mLife
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2770-100X
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MLF2
                Title: mLife
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 2097-1699
                ISSN (Electronic): 2770-100X
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 April 2024
                Publication date Collection: June 2024
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/mlf2.v3.2 )
                Pages: 167-175
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
                [ 2 ] National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine Shanghai China
                [ 3 ] Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Gut Microbiota, Minhang Hospital Fudan University Shanghai China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence: Jun‐Bo Ge, jbge@ 123456zs-hospital.sh.cn ; Li Shen, shen.li1@ 123456zs-hospital.sh.cn ; Li‐Shun Wang, lishunwang@ 123456fudan.edu.cn

                [#]

                Yuqin Mao and Chao Kong contributed equally to this study.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-5565
                Article
                Publisher ID: MLF212110
                DOI: 10.1002/mlf2.12110
                PMC ID: 11211673
                PubMed ID: 38948150
                SO-VID: 73b16ce3-31b7-4682-b6c0-9e8f6100a6fa
                Copyright © © 2024 The Authors. mLife published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date revision received : 25 November 2023
                Date received : 25 June 2023
                Date accepted : 12 December 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Pages: 9, Words: 6901
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: T2288101
                Award ID: 82303578
                Award ID: 82372626
                Award ID: 82170342
                Funded by: Fundamental Research Project for Shanghai Municipal Health Commission
                Award ID: 20214Y0328
                Award ID: 2023MHBJ01
                Award ID: 23YF1438700
                Categories
                Subject: Mini Review
                Subject: Mini Review
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date June 2024
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.4.5 mode:remove_FC converted:28.06.2024

                Keywords: atherosclerosis,coronary heart disease,gut microbiome,metabolites,treatment
                Data availability:
                Keywords: atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, gut microbiome, metabolites, treatment

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