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      Oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic: a systematic review

      review-article
      Author(s): a , b , a , b
      Publication date (Electronic, pub):
      Publication date (Electronic, collection):
      Journal: Gut Microbes
      Publisher: Taylor & Francis
      Keywords: Probiotic, lactic acid bacteria, oxidative stress, oxygen tolerance, antioxidant capacity, assessment method

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          ABSTRACT

          Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most frequently used probiotics in fermented foods and beverages and as food supplements for humans or animals, owing to their multiple beneficial features, which appear to be partially associated with their antioxidant properties. LAB can help improve food quality and flavor and prevent numerous disorders caused by oxidation in the host. In this review, we discuss the oxidative stress tolerance, the antioxidant capacity related herewith, and the underlying mechanisms and signaling pathways in probiotic LAB. In addition, we discuss appropriate methods used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of probiotic LAB. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current state of the research associated with the oxidative stress tolerance and antioxidant capacity of LAB.

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          The thioredoxin antioxidant system.

          Jun Lu, Arne Holmgren (2014)
          The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its disulfide reductase activity regulating protein dithiol/disulfide balance. The Trx system provides the electrons to thiol-dependent peroxidases (peroxiredoxins) to remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with a fast reaction rate. Trx antioxidant functions are also shown by involvement in DNA and protein repair by reducing ribonucleotide reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductases, and regulating the activity of many redox-sensitive transcription factors. Moreover, Trx systems play critical roles in the immune response, virus infection, and cell death via interaction with thioredoxin-interacting protein. In mammalian cells, the cytosolic and mitochondrial Trx systems, in which TrxRs are high molecular weight selenoenzymes, together with the glutathione-glutaredoxin (Grx) system (NADPH, glutathione reductase, GSH, and Grx) control the cellular redox environment. Recently mammalian thioredoxin and glutathione systems have been found to be able to provide the electrons crossly and to serve as a backup system for each other. In contrast, bacteria TrxRs are low molecular weight enzymes with a structure and reaction mechanism distinct from mammalian TrxR. Many bacterial species possess specific thiol-dependent antioxidant systems, and the significance of the Trx system in the defense against oxidative stress is different. Particularly, the absence of a GSH-Grx system in some pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus makes the bacterial Trx system essential for survival under oxidative stress. This provides an opportunity to kill these bacteria by targeting the TrxR-Trx system. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases.

            I Fridovich (1995)
            O2- oxidizes the [4Fe-4S] clusters of dehydratases, such as aconitase, causing-inactivation and release of Fe(II), which may then reduce H2O2 to OH- +OH.. SODs inhibit such HO. production by scavengingO2-, but Cu, ZnSODs, by virtue of a nonspecific peroxidase activity, may peroxidize spin trapping agents and thus give the appearance of catalyzing OH. production from H2O2. There is a glycosylated, tetrameric Cu, ZnSOD in the extracellular space that binds to acidic glycosamino-glycans. It minimizes the reaction of O2- with NO. E. coli, and other gram negative microorganisms, contain a periplasmic Cu, ZnSOD that may serve to protect against extracellular O2-. Mn(III) complexes of multidentate macrocyclic nitrogenous ligands catalyze the dismutation of O2- and are being explored as potential pharmaceutical agents. SOD-null mutants have been prepared to reveal the biological effects of O2-. SodA, sodB E. coli exhibit dioxygen-dependent auxotrophies and enhanced mutagenesis, reflecting O2(-)-sensitive biosynthetic pathways and DNA damage. Yeast, lacking either Cu, ZnSOD or MnSOD, are oxygen intolerant, and the double mutant was hypermutable and defective in sporulation and exhibited requirements for methionine and lysine. A Cu, ZnSOD-null Drosophila exhibited a shortened lifespan.
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              Antioxidant Properties of Probiotic Bacteria

              Yang Wang, Yanping Wu, Yuanyuan Wang … (2017)
              Oxidative stress defines a condition in which the prooxidant–antioxidant balance in the cell is disturbed, resulting in DNA hydroxylation, protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis, ultimately compromising cells’ viability. Probiotics have been known for many beneficial health effects, and the consumption of probiotics alone or in food shows that strain-specific probiotics can present antioxidant activity and reduce damages caused by oxidation. However, the oxidation-resistant ability of probiotics, especially the underling mechanisms, is not properly understood. In this view, there is interest to figure out the antioxidant property of probiotics and summarize the mode of action of probiotic bacteria in antioxidation. Therefore, in the present paper, the antioxidant mechanisms of probiotics have been reviewed in terms of their ability to improve the antioxidant system and their ability to decrease radical generation. Since in recent years, oxidative stress has been associated with an altered gut microbiota, the effects of probiotics on intestinal flora composition are also elaborated.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Gut Microbes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Gut Microbes
                Title: Gut Microbes
                Publisher: Taylor & Francis
                ISSN (Print): 1949-0976
                ISSN (Electronic): 1949-0984
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 14 August 2020
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2020
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 August 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1801944
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS); , Beijing, China
                [b ]Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Animal Science, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences; , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Jing Wang wangjing976119@ 123456163.com Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (IAHVM), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences (BAAFS); , Beijing, China
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2527-2443
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-7030
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1801944
                DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1801944
                PMC ID: 7524341
                PubMed ID: 32795116
                SO-VID: 739b3b0d-c52c-48ff-8387-0d0432909e90
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 1, References: 201, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: probiotic,lactic acid bacteria,oxidative stress,oxygen tolerance,antioxidant capacity,assessment method
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: probiotic, lactic acid bacteria, oxidative stress, oxygen tolerance, antioxidant capacity, assessment method

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