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      Occurrence and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium in pre-weaned dairy calves in central Sichuan province, China Translated title: Présence et génotypage de Giardia duodenalis et Cryptosporidium chez des veaux laitiers pré-sevrés dans la province centrale du Sichuan, Chine

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          Abstract

          Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common human and animal pathogens. They have increasingly been reported in dairy calves in recent years; however, multilocus genotyping information for G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium infecting pre-weaned dairy calves in southwestern China is limited. In the present study, the prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned dairy calves in central Sichuan province was determined and the pathogens were analyzed molecularly. Of 278 fecal samples from pre-weaned dairy calves, 26 (9.4%) were positive for G. duodenalis and 40 (14.4%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium bovis ( n = 28), Cryptosporidium ryanae ( n = 5) and Cryptosporidium parvum ( n = 7) were detected. All seven C. parvum isolates were successfully subtyped based on the gp60 gene sequence, and only IIdA15G1 was detected. Multilocus sequence typing of G. duodenalis based on beta-giardin ( bg), triose phosphate isomerase ( tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh) genes revealed 19 different assemblage E multilocus genotypes (two known and 17 unpublished genotypes). Based on eBURST analysis, a high degree of genetic diversity within assemblage E was observed in pre-weaned dairy calves in Sichuan province. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using multilocus sequence typing and eBURST analysis to characterize G. duodenalis in pre-weaned dairy calves in southwestern China.

          Translated abstract

          Giardia duodenalis et Cryptosporidium spp. sont des pathogènes humains et animaux communs. Ils ont été signalés de plus en plus chez les veaux laitiers au cours des dernières années; cependant, l’information de génotypage multilocus pour G. duodenalis et Cryptosporidium infectant les veaux laitiers pré-sevrés dans le sud-ouest de la Chine est limitée. Dans la présente étude, la prévalence de G. duodenalis et de Cryptosporidium spp. chez les veaux laitiers pré-sevrés dans la province centrale du Sichuan a été déterminée et les pathogènes ont été analysés moléculairement. Dans 278 échantillons fécaux de veaux laitiers pré-sevrés, 26 (9.4 %) étaient positifs pour G. duodenalis et 40 (14.4 %) étaient positifs pour Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium bovis ( n = 28), Cryptosporidium ryanae ( n = 5) et Cryptosporidium parvum ( n = 7) ont été détectés. Les sept isolats de C. parvum ont été sous-typés avec succès sur la base de la séquence du gène gp60 et seul IIdA15G1 a été détecté. Le typage multilocus de G. duodenalis basé sur les gènes de béta-giardine (bg), triose phosphate isomérase (tpi) et glutamate déshydrogénase (gdh) a révélé 19 génotypes différents d’assemblage multilocus E (deux génotypes connus et 17 non-publiés). D’après l’analyse eBURST, on a observé un degré élevé de diversité génétique au sein de l’assemblage E chez les veaux laitiers pré-sevrés de la province du Sichuan. À notre connaissance, il s’agit de la première étude utilisant le typage de séquence multilocus et l’analyse eBURST pour caractériser G. duodenalis chez des veaux laitiers pré-sevrés dans le sud-ouest de la Chine.

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          Most cited references32

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          Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

          Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The results of these studies have firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease, although host adaptation at the genotype and subtype levels has reduced the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. These studies have also identified variations in the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes among geographic areas and between domestic and wild ruminants and differences in clinical manifestations and outbreak potentials of assemblages A and B. Nevertheless, our efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis and the roles of various animals in the transmission of human giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes, and the apparent heterozygosity at some genetic loci for some G. duodenalis genotypes. With the increased usage of multilocus genotyping tools, the development of next-generation subtyping tools, the integration of molecular analysis in epidemiological studies, and an improved understanding of the population genetics of G. duodenalis in humans and animals, we should soon have a better appreciation of the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis, the disease burden of zoonotic transmission, the taxonomy status and virulences of various G. duodenalis genotypes, and the ecology of environmental contamination.
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            Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

            Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs.

              Cryptosporidium is increasingly recognized as one of the major causes of moderate to severe diarrhoea in developing countries. With treatment options limited, control relies on knowledge of the biology and transmission of the members of the genus responsible for disease. Currently, 26 species are recognized as valid on the basis of morphological, biological and molecular data. Of the nearly 20 Cryptosporidium species and genotypes that have been reported in humans, Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are responsible for the majority of infections. Livestock, particularly cattle, are one of the most important reservoirs of zoonotic infections. Domesticated and wild animals can each be infected with several Cryptosporidium species or genotypes that have only a narrow host range and therefore have no major public health significance. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing techniques will significantly improve our understanding of the taxonomy and transmission of Cryptosporidium species, and the investigation of outbreaks and monitoring of emerging and virulent subtypes. Important research gaps remain including a lack of subtyping tools for many Cryptosporidium species of public and veterinary health importance, and poor understanding of the genetic determinants of host specificity of Cryptosporidium species and impact of climate change on the transmission of Cryptosporidium.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2018
                04 September 2018
                : 25
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2018/01 )
                : 45
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Sichuan 611130 PR China
                [2 ] College of Animal Science, Xichang University Xichang 615000 PR China
                Author notes
                [a]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                parasite180023 10.1051/parasite/2018046
                10.1051/parasite/2018046
                6121785
                30178744
                737465af-5a90-414c-950a-91fb6b2ac815
                © Z. Zhong et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2018

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 February 2018
                : 03 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Article

                giardia duodenalis,cryptosporidium,multilocus genotyping,pre-weaned dairy calves,sichuan province

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