Family Functioning Style as a Predictor of the Quality of Cognitive Functioning of Primary School Students With ADHD

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Abstract

Objective:

This study aimed to specify whether family communication and satisfaction are predictors of a child’s executive functions and whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity lies in the pathway between these variables.

Method:

Two hundred Polish children with ADHD, aged 10 to 13, were tested using Conners 3, the PU1 Battery of Cognitive Tests and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB5). Parents filled out the FACES IV-SOR questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses.

Results:

The quality of family communication and satisfaction did not predict executive functioning in children with ADHD, and ADHD severity did not play a mediating role neither in boys or in girls. Intelligent quotient was the only predictor of executive functioning in the group of boys.

Conclusion:

These results contrast with those of previous studies that have shown the existence of similar associations in other cultural contexts.

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Most cited references 42

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lavaan: AnRPackage for Structural Equation Modeling

Yves Rosseel (2012)

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Executive Functions

Adele Diamond (2013)

Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.

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ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision

Kapil Sayal, Vibhore Prasad, David Daley … (2018)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood behavioural disorder. Systematic reviews indicate that the community prevalence globally is between 2% and 7%, with an average of around 5%. At least a further 5% of children have substantial difficulties with overactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that are just under the threshold to meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Estimates of the administrative prevalence (clinically diagnosed or recorded) vary worldwide, and have been increasing over time. However, ADHD is still relatively under-recognised and underdiagnosed in most countries, particularly in girls and older children. ADHD often persists into adulthood and is a risk factor for other mental health disorders and negative outcomes, including educational underachievement, difficulties with employment and relationships, and criminality. The timely recognition and treatment of children with ADHD-type difficulties provides an opportunity to improve long-term outcomes. This Review includes a systematic review of the community and administrative prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents, an overview of barriers to accessing care, a description of associated costs, and a discussion of evidence-based pathways for the delivery of clinical care, including a focus on key issues for two specific age groups-younger children (aged ≤6 years) and adolescents requiring transition of care from child to adult services.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Atten Disord

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Atten Disord

Journal ID (publisher-id): JAD

Journal ID (hwp): spjad

Title: Journal of Attention Disorders

Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )

ISSN (Print): 1087-0547

ISSN (Electronic): 1557-1246

Publication date (Electronic): 6 March 2023

Publication date (Print): June 2023

Volume: 27

Issue: 8

Pages: 867-879

Affiliations

[1 ]Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

[2 ]University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland

Author notes

[*]Bernadetta Izydorczyk, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. Email: bernadetta.izydorczyk@ 123456uj.edu.pl

Author information

Wiktoria Walenista https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-8020

Article

Publisher ID: 10.1177_10870547231158749

DOI: 10.1177/10870547231158749

PMC ID: 10201078

PubMed ID: 36879510

SO-VID: 72b99c51-2d99-4644-bd7b-26e52d055fdf

License:

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

History

Funding

Funded by: Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001870;

Award ID: Nr. POIR.04.04.00-1763/18-00

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Keywords: adhd,communication,family satisfaction,executive functions,and family functioning style

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Keywords: adhd, communication, family satisfaction, executive functions, and family functioning style

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Family Functioning Style as a Predictor of the Quality of Cognitive Functioning of Primary School Students With ADHD

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Most cited references 42

lavaan: AnRPackage for Structural Equation Modeling

Executive Functions

ADHD in children and young people: prevalence, care pathways, and service provision

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