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      Motor constellation theory: A model of infants’ phonological development

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          Abstract

          Every normally developing human infant solves the difficult problem of mapping their native-language phonology, but the neural mechanisms underpinning this behavior remain poorly understood. Here, motor constellation theory, an integrative neurophonological model, is presented, with the goal of explicating this issue. It is assumed that infants’ motor-auditory phonological mapping takes place through infants’ orosensory “reaching” for phonological elements observed in the language-specific ambient phonology, via reference to kinesthetic feedback from motor systems (e.g., articulators), and auditory feedback from resulting speech and speech-like sounds. Attempts are regulated by basal ganglion–cerebellar speech neural circuitry, and successful attempts at reproduction are enforced through dopaminergic signaling. Early in life, the pace of anatomical development constrains mapping such that complete language-specific phonological mapping is prohibited by infants’ undeveloped supralaryngeal vocal tract and undescended larynx; constraints gradually dissolve with age, enabling adult phonology. Where appropriate, reference is made to findings from animal and clinical models. Some implications for future modeling and simulation efforts, as well as clinical settings, are also discussed.

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          SOMATIC MOTOR AND SENSORY REPRESENTATION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF MAN AS STUDIED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION

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            LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of riches.

            LTP and LTD, the long-term potentiation and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission, are widespread phenomena expressed at possibly every excitatory synapse in the mammalian brain. It is now clear that "LTP" and "LTD" are not unitary phenomena. Their mechanisms vary depending on the synapses and circuits in which they operate. Here we review those forms of LTP and LTD for which mechanisms have been most firmly established. Examples are provided that show how these mechanisms can contribute to experience-dependent modifications of brain function.
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              Dopamine, learning and motivation.

              Roy Wise (2004)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                03 November 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 996894
                Affiliations
                Speech, Music and Hearing, KTH Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm, Sweden
                Author notes

                Edited by: Josef P. Rauschecker, Georgetown University, United States

                Reviewed by: Marta Vergara-Martínez, University of Valencia, Spain; Alice H.D. Chan, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

                *Correspondence: Axel G. Ekström, axeleks@ 123456kth.se

                This article was submitted to Language Sciences, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2022.996894
                9669916
                36405212
                717d83ca-b958-4b8f-9695-ca05edb5b123
                Copyright © 2022 Ekström.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 18 July 2022
                : 17 October 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 280, Pages: 17, Words: 15632
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                phonological development,biology of speech,child development,reinforcement learning,neurolinguistics,speech acquisition

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