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      Distance learning and patient safety: Report and evaluation of an online patient safety course Translated title: Educación a distancia y seguridad del paciente: informe y evaluación de un curso en línea sobre seguridad del paciente Translated title: Aprendizagem à distância e segurança do paciente: descrição e avaliação de um curso online sobre segurança do paciente

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          ABSTRACT

          Patient safety is a critical topic in health care globally, with implications for nurses, physicians, administrators, and most importantly, patients and their well-being. Online distance learning (ODL) is widely accepted among most disciplines in higher education and has been used to promote patient safety knowledge among health care students and professionals in diverse contexts. This article reports on an online Nursing and Patient Safety course developed in 2012 by the University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies in conjunction with the Pan American Health Organization and the International Network for Nursing and Patient Safety. The study’s objectives are to describe the implementation of an international ODL program to enhance patient safety knowledge in nurses and nursing students, and to examine the participants’ assessments of this online approach as an effective learning tool. Most participants who completed the Nursing and Patient Safety ODL course reported being satisfied with the course content and experience, and demonstrated increased knowledge on patient safety, as measured by post-module quizzes and self-report. Limitations of the study include the lack of a comparison group, disparity in the number of participants across the course’s language formats (English, Portuguese, Spanish), and the large number of participants who registered for but did not complete the course. Future research should identify obstacles to course completion, explore participants’ awareness of patient safety issues and perceived need for more instruction, and look at ways to disseminate the course to the broadest international population of nurses and nursing students.

          RESUMEN

          La seguridad del paciente es un tema fundamental en la atención de la salud a nivel mundial, con repercusiones para los enfermeros, médicos, administradores y, lo que es más importante, para los pacientes y su bienestar. La educación a distancia en línea está ampliamente aceptada en la mayoría de las disciplinas de enseñanza superior y se ha empleado para difundir los conocimientos en materia de seguridad del paciente a los estudiantes de atención de salud y los profesionales en diversos contextos. En este artículo se informa sobre el curso en línea de enfermería y seguridad del paciente creado en el 2012 por la facultad de enfermería y estudios de salud de la Universidad de Miami, conjuntamente con la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y la Red Internacional de Enfermería y Seguridad del Paciente. Los objetivos del estudio son describir la ejecución de un programa internacional de educación a distancia en línea para mejorar el conocimiento sobre la seguridad del paciente de los enfermeros y los estudiantes de enfermería, y examinar las evaluaciones de los participantes sobre este enfoque en línea como herramienta eficaz de aprendizaje. La mayoría de los participantes en este curso afirmó sentirse satisfecho con su contenido y experiencia, y demostró un mayor conocimiento sobre la seguridad del paciente, de acuerdo con las mediciones de las encuestas posteriores al módulo y la autoevaluación. Entre las limitaciones del estudio se aprecia la falta de un grupo de comparación, una disparidad en el número de participantes entre las diferentes versiones lingüísticas del curso (español, inglés y portugués) y el gran número de participantes que se inscribieron sin llegar a finalizar el curso. Las futuras investigaciones deberán indicar cuáles son los obstáculos para la finalización del curso, explorar la concienciación de los participantes en temas relativos a la seguridad del paciente y las necesidades que perciben de una instrucción más profunda, así como considerar modos de mayor difusión del curso en la comunidad internacional de enfermeros y estudiantes de enfermería.

          RESUMO

          A segurança do paciente é um tema fundamental para a assistência de saúde em todo o mundo, com implicações para enfermeiros, médicos, administradores e, mais importante ainda, para os pacientes e o seu bem-estar. A educação à distância online (EDO) conta com grande aceitação na maioria das disciplinas do ensino superior e tem sido utilizada para transmitir conhecimentos sobre segurança do paciente a estudantes e profissionais da saúde em diversos contextos. Este artigo descreve um curso online de Enfermagem e Segurança do Paciente desenvolvido em 2012 pela Faculdade de Enfermagem e Estudos da Saúde da Universidade de Miami, em conjunto com a Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde e a Rede Internacional de Enfermagem e Segurança do Paciente. Os objetivos do estudo são descrever a implementação de um programa internacional de EDO para melhorar os conhecimentos de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem sobre segurança do paciente e examinar a forma como os participantes avaliaram a eficácia desta abordagem online como uma ferramenta de aprendizagem. Em sua maioria, os participantes que completaram o curso online de Enfermagem e Segurança do Paciente afirmaram ter tido uma boa experiência com o curso e estar satisfeitos com o seu conteúdo; além disso, demonstraram maiores conhecimentos sobre segurança do paciente, medidos por questionários aplicados após os módulos e pela autoavaliação. As limitações deste estudo incluem a falta de um grupo de comparação, a disparidade no número de participantes nos diferentes formatos do curso (inglês, português, espanhol) e o grande número de participantes que se inscreveram mas não completaram o curso. A pesquisa futura deve identificar os obstáculos à conclusão do curso, explorar a conscientização dos participantes sobre questões de segurança do paciente e a necessidade de mais instrução e procurar formas de divulgar o curso para uma população internacional mais ampla de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem.

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          To Err Is Human : Building a Safer Health System

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            Effects of E-Learning in a Continuing Education Context on Nursing Care: Systematic Review of Systematic Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed-Studies Reviews

            Background E-learning is rapidly growing as an alternative way of delivering education in nursing. Two contexts regarding the use of e-learning in nursing are discussed in the literature: (1) education among nursing students and (2) nurses’ continuing education within a life-long learning perspective. A systematic review of systematic reviews on e-learning for nursing and health professional students in an academic context has been published previously; however, no such review exists regarding e-learning for registered nurses in a continuing education context. Objective We aimed to systematically summarize the qualitative and quantitative evidence regarding the effects of e-learning on nursing care among nurses in a continuing education context. Methods We conducted a systematic review of systematic qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-studies reviews, searching within four bibliographic databases. The eligibility criteria were formulated using the population, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS) format. The included population was registered nurses. E-learning interventions were included and compared with face-to-face and any other e-learning interventions, as well as blended learning. The outcomes of interest were derived from two models: nursing-sensitive indicators from the Nursing Care Performance Framework (eg, teaching and collaboration) and the levels of evaluation from the Kirkpatrick model (ie, reaction, learning, behavior, and results). Results We identified a total of 12,906 records. We retrieved 222 full-text papers for detailed evaluation, from which 22 systematic reviews published between 2008 and 2018 met the eligibility criteria. The effects of e-learning on nursing care were grouped under Kirkpatrick’s levels of evaluation: (1) nurse reactions to e-learning, (2) nurse learning, (3) behavior, and (4) results. Level 2, nurse learning, was divided into three subthemes: knowledge, skills, attitude and self-efficacy. Level 4, results, was divided into patient outcomes and costs. Most of the outcomes were reported in a positive way. For instance, nurses were satisfied with the use of e-learning and they improved their knowledge. The most common topics covered by the e-learning interventions were medication calculation, preparation, and administration. Conclusions The effects of e-learning are mainly reported in terms of nurse reactions, knowledge, and skills (ie, the first two levels of the Kirkpatrick model). The effectiveness of e-learning interventions for nurses in a continuing education context remains unknown regarding how the learning can be transferred to change practice and affect patient outcomes. Further scientific, methodological, theoretical, and practice-based breakthroughs are needed in the fast-growing field of e-learning in nursing education, especially in a life-learning perspective. Trial Registration International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42016050714; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=50714
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              The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant difference and future horizons

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev. Panam. Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                20 May 2020
                2020
                : 44
                : e33
                Affiliations
                [1 ] normalizedUniversity of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies orgnameUniversity of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies Miami FL United States of America originalUniversity of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Miami, FL, United States of America.
                [2 ] normalizedEscuela de Enfermería orgnameEscuela de Enfermería orgdiv1Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina originalEscuela de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
                [3 ] normalizedEscuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia orgnameEscuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia orgdiv1Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City Mexico originalEscuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
                [4 ] normalizedEscuela de Enfermería orgnameEscuela de Enfermería orgdiv1Universidad Nacional de Rosario Rosario Argentina originalEscuela de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
                [5 ] normalizedHealth Systems and Services orgnameHealth Systems and Services orgdiv1Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization Washington DC United States of America originalHealth Systems and Services, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
                [6 ] normalizedFacultad de Enfermería orgnameFacultad de Enfermería orgdiv1Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador originalFacultad de Enfermería, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
                [7 ] normalizedSchool of Nursing orgnameSchool of Nursing orgdiv1University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC United States of America originalSchool of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conflicts of interest.

                None declared.

                Article
                RPSP.2020.33
                10.26633/RPSP.2020.33
                7236860
                32435264
                71467a7f-83bb-4ece-84ce-fea9e927b31d

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No modifications or commercial use of this article are permitted. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that PAHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL.

                History
                : 08 September 2019
                : 03 February 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 29
                Categories
                Special Report

                patient safety,education, nursing,education, distance,seguridad del paciente,educación en enfermería,educación a distancia,segurança do paciente,educação em enfermagem,educação a distância

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