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      Role of honey in modern medicine

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          Abstract

          Use of honey has a very long history. Honey has been used since ancient time due to its nutritional and therapeutic values. There had been varied ways of consumption honey including its use as a sweetener and flavoring agent. Honey is produced all over the world. The most important nutriment of honey is carbohydrates present in the form of monosaccharides, fructose and glucose. Honey plays an important role as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial agent and augments the adherence of skin grafts and wound healing process. The role of honey has been acknowledged in the scientific literature and there is convincing evidence in support of its antioxidant and antibacterial nature, cough prevention, fertility and wound healing properties. However, its use has been controversially discussed and has not been well accepted in the modern medicine. The aim of this review was explore and highlight the role of honey in modern medicine.

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          Honey: its medicinal property and antibacterial activity.

          Manisha Deb Mandal, Shyamapada Mandal (2011)
          Indeed, medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the world's oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound-healing activity. The healing property of honey is due to the fact that it offers antibacterial activity, maintains a moist wound condition, and its high viscosity helps to provide a protective barrier to prevent infection. Its immunomodulatory property is relevant to wound repair too. The antimicrobial activity in most honeys is due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide. However, another kind of honey, called non-peroxide honey (viz., manuka honey), displays significant antibacterial effects even when the hydrogen peroxide activity is blocked. Its mechanism may be related to the low pH level of honey and its high sugar content (high osmolarity) that is enough to hinder the growth of microbes. The medical grade honeys have potent in vitro bactericidal activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing several life-threatening infections to humans. But, there is a large variation in the antimicrobial activity of some natural honeys, which is due to spatial and temporal variation in sources of nectar. Thus, identification and characterization of the active principle(s) may provide valuable information on the quality and possible therapeutic potential of honeys (against several health disorders of humans), and hence we discussed the medicinal property of honeys with emphasis on their antibacterial activities.
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            Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease.

            David Jenkins, Augustine Marchie, Alexandra Jenkins … (2002)
            The glycemic index concept is an extension of the fiber hypothesis, suggesting that fiber consumption reduces the rate of nutrient influx from the gut. The glycemic index has particular relevance to those chronic Western diseases associated with central obesity and insulin resistance. Early studies showed that starchy carbohydrate foods have very different effects on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in healthy and diabetic subjects, depending on the rate of digestion. A range of factors associated with food consumption was later shown to alter the rate of glucose absorption and subsequent glycemia and insulinemia. At this stage, systematic documentation of the differences that exist among carbohydrate foods was considered essential. The resulting glycemic index classification of foods provided a numeric physiologic classification of relevant carbohydrate foods in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as diabetes. Since then, low-glycemic-index diets have been shown to lower urinary C-peptide excretion in healthy subjects, improve glycemic control in diabetic subjects, and reduce serum lipids in hyperlipidemic subjects. Furthermore, consumption of low-glycemicindex diets has been associated with higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations and, in large cohort studies, with decreased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Case-control studies have also shown positive associations between dietary glycemic index and the risk of colon and breast cancers. Despite inconsistencies in the data, sufficient, positive findings have emerged to suggest that the dietary glycemic index is of potential importance in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases.
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              Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review.

              Bożena Denisow, Marta Denisow-Pietrzyk (2016)
              Natural products, including bee products, are particularly appreciated by consumers and are used for therapeutic purposes as alternative drugs. However, it is not known whether treatments with bee products are safe and how to minimise the health risks of such products. Among others, bee pollen is a natural honeybee product promoted as a valuable source of nourishing substances and energy. The health-enhancing value of bee pollen is expected due to the wide range of secondary plant metabolites (tocopherol, niacin, thiamine, biotin and folic acid, polyphenols, carotenoid pigments, phytosterols), besides enzymes and co-enzymes, contained in bee pollen. The promising reports on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticariogenic antibacterial, antifungicidal, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, immune enhancing potential require long-term and large cohort clinical studies. The main difficulty in the application of bee pollen in modern phytomedicine is related to the wide species-specific variation in its composition. Therefore, the variations may differently contribute to bee-pollen properties and biological activity and thus in therapeutic effects. In principle, we can unequivocally recommend bee pollen as a valuable dietary supplement. Although the bee-pollen components have potential bioactive and therapeutic properties, extensive research is required before bee pollen can be used in therapy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sultan Ayoub Meo
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi J Biol Sci
                Title: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1319-562X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2213-7106
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 December 2016
                Publication date (Print): July 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 December 2016
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 975-978
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [b ]Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [c ]Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [d ]Bee Research Chair, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology (29), College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia. Fax: +966 11 4672567.Department of Physiology (29)College of MedicineKing Saud UniversityP.O. Box 2925Riyadh11461Saudi Arabia sultanmeo@ 123456hotmail.com smeo@ 123456ksu.edu.sa
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1319-562X(16)30186-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.12.010
                PMC ID: 5478293
                PubMed ID: 28663690
                SO-VID: 71331c36-5e86-4de4-9f5e-b8fc95617355
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2016
                Date revision received : 1 December 2016
                Date accepted : 6 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: honey,anti-inflammatory,anti-bacterial,antioxidant,modern medicine
                Data availability:
                Keywords: honey, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, modern medicine

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