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      Biotechnological methods to remove microplastics: a review

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          Abstract

          Microplastics pollution is major threat to ecosystems and is impacting abiotic and biotic components. Microplastics are diverse and highly complex contaminants that transport other contaminants and microbes. Current methods to remove microplastics include biodegradation, incineration, landfilling, and recycling. Here we review microplastics with focus on sources, toxicity, and biodegradation. We discuss the role of algae, fungi, bacteria in the biodegradation, and we present biotechnological methods to enhance degradation, e.g., gene editing tools and bioinformatics.

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          Most cited references233

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          Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean.

          Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.
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            The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review.

            Plastic debris at the micro-, and potentially also the nano-scale, are widespread in the environment. Microplastics have accumulated in oceans and sediments worldwide in recent years, with maximum concentrations reaching 100 000 particles m(3). Due to their small size, microplastics may be ingested by low trophic fauna, with uncertain consequences for the health of the organism. This review focuses on marine invertebrates and their susceptibility to the physical impacts of microplastic uptake. Some of the main points discussed are (1) an evaluation of the factors contributing to the bioavailability of microplastics including size and density; (2) an assessment of the relative susceptibility of different feeding guilds; (3) an overview of the factors most likely to influence the physical impacts of microplastics such as accumulation and translocation; and (4) the trophic transfer of microplastics. These findings are important in guiding future marine litter research and management strategies. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Plastic and human health: a micro issue?

              Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to bioaccumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants were critically examined. Whilst this is an emerging field, complimentary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may bioaccumulate and exert localised particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localised leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect which could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Whilst there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dey1919@gmail.com
                abhijit.dbs@presiuniv.ac.in
                stefania.federici@unibs.it
                Journal
                Environ Chem Lett
                Environ Chem Lett
                Environmental Chemistry Letters
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                1610-3653
                1610-3661
                8 February 2023
                : 1-24
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7489.2, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0511, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, ; 8499000 Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
                [2 ]GRID grid.59056.3f, ISNI 0000 0001 0664 9773, Department of Botany, Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, , University of Calcutta, ; Ajodhya, Shyampur, Howrah, 711312 India
                [3 ]GRID grid.7637.5, ISNI 0000000417571846, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, INSTM Unit of Brescia, , University of Brescia, ; Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
                [4 ]GRID grid.12380.38, ISNI 0000 0004 1754 9227, Department of Environment and Health, , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ; Amsterdam, Netherlands
                [5 ]GRID grid.5477.1, ISNI 0000000120346234, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, , Utrecht University, ; Utrecht, Netherlands
                [6 ]GRID grid.412537.6, ISNI 0000 0004 1768 2925, Department of Life Sciences, , Presidency University, ; 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-8766
                Article
                1552
                10.1007/s10311-022-01552-4
                9907217
                36785620
                7132ba1a-02c9-4015-a122-7a76075dd447
                © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 6 October 2022
                : 25 November 2022
                Categories
                Review Paper

                Environmental chemistry
                microplastics,incineration,microplastic degrading microorganisms,biodegradation,synthetic biology,biotechnological interventions,crispr

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