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      Long noncoding RNAs in respiratory viruses: A review

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          Abstract

          Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post‐transcriptional levels. Both human lncRNAs and lncRNAs encoded by viruses can modulate the expression of host genes which are critical for viral replication, latency, activation of signalling pathways, cytokine and chemokine production, RNAi processing, expression of interferons (IFNs) and interferon‐stimulated genes (ISGs). Studies on lncRNAs as key regulators of host‐virus interactions may give new insights into therapeutic strategies for the treatment of related diseases. This current review focuses on the role of lncRNAs, and their interactions with respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).

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          Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation

          Jacob O'Brien, Heyam Hayder, Yara Zayed … (2018)
          MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression. The majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences into primary miRNAs and processed into precursor miRNAs, and finally mature miRNAs. In most cases, miRNAs interact with the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of target mRNAs to induce mRNA degradation and translational repression. However, interaction of miRNAs with other regions, including the 5′ UTR, coding sequence, and gene promoters, have also been reported. Under certain conditions, miRNAs can also activate translation or regulate transcription. The interaction of miRNAs with their target genes is dynamic and dependent on many factors, such as subcellular location of miRNAs, the abundancy of miRNAs and target mRNAs, and the affinity of miRNA-mRNA interactions. miRNAs can be secreted into extracellular fluids and transported to target cells via vesicles, such as exosomes, or by binding to proteins, including Argonautes. Extracellular miRNAs function as chemical messengers to mediate cell-cell communication. In this review, we provide an update on canonical and non-canonical miRNA biogenesis pathways and various mechanisms underlying miRNA-mediated gene regulations. We also summarize the current knowledge of the dynamics of miRNA action and of the secretion, transfer, and uptake of extracellular miRNAs.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1422 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions

            Luisa Statello, Chun-Jie Guo, Ling-Ling Chen … (2020)
            Evidence accumulated over the past decade shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely expressed and have key roles in gene regulation. Recent studies have begun to unravel how the biogenesis of lncRNAs is distinct from that of mRNAs and is linked with their specific subcellular localizations and functions. Depending on their localization and their specific interactions with DNA, RNA and proteins, lncRNAs can modulate chromatin function, regulate the assembly and function of membraneless nuclear bodies, alter the stability and translation of cytoplasmic mRNAs and interfere with signalling pathways. Many of these functions ultimately affect gene expression in diverse biological and physiopathological contexts, such as in neuronal disorders, immune responses and cancer. Tissue-specific and condition-specific expression patterns suggest that lncRNAs are potential biomarkers and provide a rationale to target them clinically. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of lncRNA biogenesis, localization and functions in transcriptional, post-transcriptional and other modes of gene regulation, and their potential therapeutic applications.
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              Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients

              Yong Xiong, Yuan Liu, Liu Cao … (2020)
              ABSTRACT Circulating in China and 158 other countries and areas, the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak has caused devastating mortality and posed a great threat to public health. However, efforts to identify effectively supportive therapeutic drugs and treatments has been hampered by our limited understanding of host immune response for this fatal disease. To characterize the transcriptional signatures of host inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 (HCoV-19) infection, we carried out transcriptome sequencing of the RNAs isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) specimens of COVID-19 patients. Our results reveal distinct host inflammatory cytokine profiles to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients, and highlight the association between COVID-19 pathogenesis and excessive cytokine release such as CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL10/IP-10, CCL3/MIP-1A, and CCL4/MIP1B. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 induced activation of apoptosis and P53 signalling pathway in lymphocytes may be the cause of patients’ lymphopenia. The transcriptome dataset of COVID-19 patients would be a valuable resource for clinical guidance on anti-inflammatory medication and understanding the molecular mechansims of host response.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Somayeh Shokri:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4609-3110
                Shokri.so@ajums.ac.ir
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Med Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Med Virol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1654
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RMV
                Title: Reviews in Medical Virology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1052-9276
                ISSN (Electronic): 1099-1654
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 July 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 July 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: e2275
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Virology School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
                [ 2 ] Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
                [ 3 ] Department of Virology School of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences Ahvaz Iran
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Somayeh Shokri, Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 6135715794, Iran.

                Email: Shokri.so@ 123456ajums.ac.ir

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4609-3110
                Article
                Publisher ID: RMV2275
                DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2275
                PMC ID: 8420315
                PubMed ID: 34252234
                SO-VID: 712f7c06-7079-4898-aef5-cf19bffb78ce
                Copyright © © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date revision received : 26 June 2021
                Date received : 17 June 2021
                Date accepted : 29 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Pages: 13, Words: 8958
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.7 mode:remove_FC converted:06.09.2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: iav,long noncoding rnas,respiratory viruses,rsv,sars‐cov‐2
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: iav, long noncoding rnas, respiratory viruses, rsv, sars‐cov‐2

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