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      Evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins insecticidal activity

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          Abstract

          Insecticidal Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are use worldwide in transgenic crops for efficient pest control. Among the family of Cry toxins, the three domain Cry family is the better characterized regarding their natural evolution leading to a large number of Cry proteins with similar structure, mode of action but different insect specificity. Also, this group is the better characterized regarding the study of their mode of action and the molecular basis of insect specificity. In this review we discuss how Cry toxins have evolved insect specificity in nature and analyse several cases of improvement of Cry toxin action by genetic engineering, some of these examples are currently used in transgenic crops. We believe that the success in the improvement of insecticidal activity by genetic evolution of Cry toxins will depend on the knowledge of the rate-limiting steps of Cry toxicity in different insect pests, the mapping of the specificity binding regions in the Cry toxins, as well as the improvement of mutagenesis strategies and selection procedures.

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          Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide.

          Alejandra Bravo, Supaporn Likitvivatanavong, Sarjeet Gill … (2011)
          Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bacteria are insect pathogens that rely on insecticidal pore forming proteins known as Cry and Cyt toxins to kill their insect larval hosts. At least four different non-structurally related families of proteins form the Cry toxin group of toxins. The expression of certain Cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to an efficient control of insect pests resulting in a significant reduction in chemical insecticide use. The mode of action of the three domain Cry toxin family involves sequential interaction of these toxins with several insect midgut proteins facilitating the formation of a pre-pore oligomer structure and subsequent membrane insertion that leads to the killing of midgut insect cells by osmotic shock. In this manuscript we review recent progress in understanding the mode of action of this family of proteins in lepidopteran, dipteran and coleopteran insects. Interestingly, similar Cry-binding proteins have been identified in the three insect orders, as cadherin, aminopeptidase-N and alkaline phosphatase suggesting a conserved mode of action. Also, recent data on insect responses to Cry toxin attack is discussed. Finally, we review the different Bt based products, including transgenic crops, that are currently used in agriculture. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Discovery and characterization of field resistance to Bt maize: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico.

            Nicholas Storer, Jonathan Babcock, Michele Schlenz … (2010)
            Transgenic maize, Zea mays L., event TC1507 produces the Cry1F protein to provide protection from feeding by several important lepidopteran pests, including Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Reports of reduced field performance against this species in Puerto Rico were investigated, and laboratory bioassays showed that S. frugiperda collected from the affected area exhibited lower sensitivity to the Cry1F protein compared with typical colonies from other regions. The resistance was shown to be autosomally inherited and highly recessive. The Puerto Rico colony was shown to be moderately less sensitive than susceptible laboratory strains to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac, but the differences in sensitivity were dramatically smaller than for Cry1F. Potential contributory factors to the emergence of resistance to Cry1F in Puerto Rico populations of S. frugiperda include the tropical island geography, unusually large population sizes in 2006, and drought conditions reducing the availability of alternative hosts. In response to this resistance incident, the technology providers have stopped commercial sales of TC1507 maize in Puerto Rico pending potential reversion to susceptibility.
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              Vip3A, a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectrum of activities against lepidopteran insects.

              Franklin Mullins, J J Estruch, Kenneth G Warren … (1996)
              A novel vegetative insecticidal gene, vip3A(a), whose gene product shows activity against lepidopteran insect larvae including black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), and corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) has been isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis strain AB88. VIP3-insecticidal gene homologues have been detected in approximately 15% of Bacillus strains analyzed. The sequence of the vip3A(b) gene, a homologue of vip3A(a) isolated from B. thuringiensis strain AB424 is also reported. Vip3A(a) and (b) proteins confer upon Escherichia coli insecticidal activity against the lepidopteran insect larvae mentioned above. The sequence of the gene predicts a 791-amino acid (88.5 kDa) protein that contains no homology with known proteins. Vip3A insecticidal proteins are secreted without N-terminal processing. Unlike the B. thuringiensis 5-endotoxins, whose expression is restricted to sporulation, Vip3A insecticidal proteins are expressed in the vegetative stage of growth starting at mid-log phase as well as during sporulation. Vip3A represents a novel class of proteins insecticidal to lepidopteran insect larvae.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microb Biotechnol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microb Biotechnol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): mbt
                Title: Microbial biotechnology
                Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1751-7915
                ISSN (Electronic): 1751-7915
                Publication date (Print): January 2013
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 17-26
                Affiliations
                Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. postal 510-3 Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
                Author notes
                *For correspondence. E-mail mario@ 123456ibt.unam.mx ; Tel. (+52) 777 329 1618; Fax (+52) 777 317 2388.

                Funding Information No funding information provided.

                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00342.x
                PMC ID: 3815381
                PubMed ID: 22463726
                SO-VID: 70cd036e-8a90-4f83-a308-24fe38d9778d
                Copyright © Journal compilation © 2013 Society for Applied Microbiology and Blackwell Publishing Ltd
                License:

                Re-use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Creative Commons Deed, Attribution 2.5, which does not permit commercial exploitation.

                History
                Date received : 12 January 2012
                Date revision received : 21 February 2012
                Date accepted : 26 February 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Minireview

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology

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