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      Depressed Immune Responses and Accelerated Splenic Apoptosis due to Experience of Food Deprivation and Inequality but not Unstable Social Status in Balb/c Mice

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          Abstract

          Objective(s): We aimed to show that the immune system is sensitive to the detrimental effects of inequality and social injustice, and splenic vulnerability to apoptosis may also increase. Methods: In order of better determination of immune responses to chronic social stress, we implemented food deprivation, food intake inequality, and unstable social status (a change of cage-mate every 3 days) for a period of 14 days in 60 male Balb/c mice. At the end of this stress period, nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal adherent cells and the serum concentration of corticosterone were measured. Moreover, the viability of peritoneal adherent cells and spleen lymphocytes was evaluated by MTT assay. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was done to reveal the TUNEL-reactive apoptotic bodies in the spleen. Results: Our results showed that food deprivation and inequality caused significant changes in the apoptosis of splenic cells in comparison with the control group ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the vital activities of lymphocytes and peritoneal adherent cells, as well as NO production by the latter, increased significantly ( p < 0.05). However, the experience of unstable social status did not cause a further increase in the viability of lymphocytes and peritoneal adherent cells, or NO production in animals that were food-deprived or experienced inequality. Serum concentration of corticosterone in all experimental groups, except for animals that experienced unstable social status only, significantly decreased versus the control group ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that poverty and social inequality, but not unstable social status, affect immune responses and are likely involved in the induction of splenic apoptosis in mice.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          NIM
          Neuroimmunomodulation
          10.1159/issn.1021-7401
          Neuroimmunomodulation
          S. Karger AG
          1021-7401
          1423-0216
          2017
          March 2018
          17 November 2017
          : 24
          : 4-5
          : 200-210
          Affiliations
          aDepartment of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Centers of bTraditional Medicine Clinical Trial Research and cImmunoregulation Research, and Departments of dPhysiology and eMicrobiology, Medical Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, fDepartment of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, gDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, hYoung Researchers &amp; Elit Club, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, and iShiraz Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Amir-al-momenin Burn Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
          Author notes
          *Mohammad Reza Vaez Mahdavi, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, 29 Dehkadeh St., Keshavarz Ave, PO Box 14155-7435, Tehran 1415635111 (Iran), E-Mail vaezmahdavi@shahed.ac.ir and mh_mahdavi@yahoo.com
          Article
          480732 Neuroimmunomodulation 2017;24:200–210
          10.1159/000480732
          29145213
          709c5019-3475-457b-a0b3-1062426137fd
          © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel

          Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

          History
          : 06 April 2017
          : 28 August 2017
          Page count
          Figures: 6, Tables: 1, References: 50, Pages: 11
          Categories
          Original Paper

          Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
          Apoptosis,Macrophages,Social inequality,Food deprivation,Unstable social status,Nitric oxide,Lymphocyte viability

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