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      Intranasal Application of S. epidermidis Prevents Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Mice

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , *
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      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Methicillin-resistant S. aureus emerged in recent decades to become a leading cause of infection worldwide. Colonization with MRSA predisposes to infection and facilitates transmission of the pathogen; however, available regimens are ineffective at preventing MRSA colonization. Studies of human nasal flora suggest that resident bacteria play a critical role in limiting S. aureus growth, and prompted us to query whether application of commensal resident bacteria could prevent nasal colonization with MRSA. We established a murine model system to study this question, and showed that mice nasally pre-colonized with S. epidermidis became more resistant to colonization with MRSA. Our study suggests that application of commensal bacteria with antibiotics could represent a more effective strategy to prevent MRSA colonization.

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          Bacterial interference caused by autoinducing peptide variants.

          R Beavis, Sung G. Ji, Pablo Novick (1997)
          The synthesis of virulence factors and other extracellular proteins by Staphylococcus aureus is globally controlled by the agr locus, which encodes a two-component signaling pathway whose activating ligand is an agr-encoded autoinducing peptide. The cognate peptides produced by some strains inhibit the expression of agr in other strains, and the amino acid sequences of peptide and receptor are markedly different between such strains, suggesting a hypervariability-generating mechanism. Cross-inhibition of gene expression represents a type of bacterial interference that could be correlated with the ability of one strain to exclude others from infection or colonization sites, or both.
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            Association between carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in Children.

            Gili Regev-Yochay, Ron Dagan, Meir Raz … (2004)
            Widespread pneumococcal conjugate vaccination may bring about epidemiologic changes in upper respiratory tract flora of children. Of particular significance may be an interaction between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, in view of the recent emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus. To examine the prevalence and risk factors of carriage of S pneumoniae and S aureus in the prevaccination era in young children. Cross-sectional surveillance study of nasopharyngeal carriage of S pneumoniae and nasal carriage of S aureus by 790 children aged 40 months or younger seen at primary care clinics in central Israel during February 2002. Carriage rates of S pneumoniae (by serotype) and S aureus; risk factors associated with carriage of each pathogen. Among 790 children screened, 43% carried S pneumoniae and 10% carried S aureus. Staphylococcus aureus carriage among S pneumoniae carriers was 6.5% vs 12.9% in S pneumoniae noncarriers. Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage among S aureus carriers was 27.5% vs 44.8% in S aureus noncarriers. Only 2.8% carried both pathogens concomitantly vs 4.3% expected dual carriage (P =.03). Risk factors for S pneumoniae carriage (attending day care, having young siblings, and age older than 3 months) were negatively associated with S aureus carriage. Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage, specifically of vaccine-type strains, is negatively associated with S aureus carriage in children. The implications of these findings in the pneumococcal vaccine era require further investigation.
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              Bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization: role of Staphylococcal agr alleles.

              Gerard Lina, Anne Tristan, Florent Boutite … (2002)
              We examined the bacterial aerobic nasal flora of 216 healthy volunteers to identify potential competitive interactions among different species, with special emphasis on the influence of staphylococcal agr alleles. The Staphylococcus aureus colonization rate correlated negatively with the rate of colonization by Corynebacterium spp. and non-aureus staphylococci, especially S. epidermidis, suggesting that both Corynebacterium spp. and S. epidermidis antagonize S. aureus colonization. Most of the S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates were agr typed by a PCR method. Only one S. aureus agr (agr(Sa)) allele was detected in each carrier. Multiple logistic regression of the two most prevalent agr(Sa) alleles (agr-1(Sa) and agr-2(Sa)) and the three S. epidermidis agr (agr(Se)) alleles showed a specific influence of the agr system. The results of this model did not support conclusions drawn from previous in vitro agr-specific cross-inhibition experiments. Our findings suggest that the agr alleles, which are strongly linked to the bacterial genetic background, may simply be associated with common biological properties--including mediators of bacterial interference--in the strains that bear them.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 October 2011
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: e25880
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
                Columbia University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: BP TI GYL. Performed the experiments: BP TI. Analyzed the data: BP TI GYL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BP TI GYL. Wrote the paper: BP TI GYL.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-11-11363
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025880
                PMC ID: 3187813
                PubMed ID: 21998712
                SO-VID: 6efd424c-c50d-4788-91b6-744a40961252
                Copyright © Park et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 21 June 2011
                Date accepted : 12 September 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Gram Positive
                Subject: Staphylococci
                Subject: Model Organisms
                Subject: Animal Models
                Subject: Mouse
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Bacterial Diseases
                Subject: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
                Subject: Staph Infections
                Subject: Staphylococcal Infection
                Subject: Staphylococcus Aureus
                Subject: Infectious Disease Modeling

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