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      Histological and stereological approaches for detection of tissues and fraud in some meat products

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          Abstract

          Meat and meat products are highly important sources of protein in the diet. Nowadays, the consumption of meat and meat products has increased owing to modern manufacturing techniques. Due to the economic value of meat, the use of unauthorized tissue is possible in meat products. In some cases, there is fraud in the percentage of meat in meat products to reduce prices. In this study, 34 samples of minced meat, hamburger and sausage were randomly collected from the markets in the northeast of Iran. Then, sections were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E), Verhoeff-van-Gieson, Masson's trichrome and periodic acid-Schiff-Alcian blue stains. In this regard, for the first time, the efficacy of stereological technique to determine the percentage of meat listed in sausages and the possible existence of fraud was evaluated. The results showed that, due to the presence of some unusual tissues, histological technique could determine different tissues in meat products. The stereological results of control samples showed a very slight difference; whereas, the results for the samples collected from the city stores showed a distinctive difference regarding the percentage of meat compared to the percentage of label. Skeletal and smooth muscles, blood vessels, nerve, gizzard, adipose tissue, glandular tissue, cartilage, bone, tendon, skin, lymphatic tissues and plant materials were observed. It was confirmed that stereology was a reliable method to determine and confirm the percentage of meat used in meat products.

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          Most cited references29

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          Some new, simple and efficient stereological methods and their use in pathological research and diagnosis.

          Stereology is a set of simple and efficient methods for quantitation of three-dimensional microscopic structures which is specifically tuned to provide reliable data from sections. Within the last few years, a number of new methods has been developed which are of special interest to pathologists. Methods for estimating the volume, surface area and length of any structure are described in this review. The principles on which stereology is based and the necessary sampling procedures are described and illustrated with examples. The necessary equipment, the measurements, and the calculations are invariably simple and easy.
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            The efficiency of systematic sampling in stereology and its prediction.

            The superior efficiency of systematic sampling at all levels in stereological studies is emphasized and various commonly used ways of implementing it are briefly described. Summarizing recent theoretical and experimental studies a set of very simple estimators of efficiency are presented and illustrated with a variety of biological examples. In particular, a nomogram for predicting the necessary number of points when performing point counting is provided. The very efficient and simple unbiased estimator of the volume of an arbitrary object based on Cavalieri's principle is dealt with in some detail. The efficiency of the systematic fractionating of an object is also illustrated.
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              Stereology of arbitrary particles. A review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones, in memory of William R. Thompson.

              This paper deals with isolated, countable items, often termed particles, in three-dimensional space. Its substance is the unbiased stereological estimation of the number, height, surface and volume of such particles without any assumptions about their shape. The full range of estimators is described, some of them for the first time, some in an improved form, several in more than one version, and all of them under the single, absolute requirement that one can in fact identify what one is quantifying on sections. In terms of the minimal number of sections for the analysis, the estimators may be classified as follows: On a single section it is possible to estimate vV, the mean volume of particles in the volume-weighted or 'sieving'-distribution. On two parallel sections, separated by a known distance, estimators exist of particle number and of all mean sizes (height, surface and volume) in the ordinary number distribution, as well as of SDN(v), the standard deviation in the number distribution of particle volumes. If the containing space is relatively transparent the sections may be two optical sections within one thick physical section. On a stack of parallel sections, at least as high as the largest particle, and separated by known distances, one can get twelve mean sizes and twelve distributions of individual sizes: all combinations of three sizes: height, surface and volume in four different types of distributions: number, height, surface and volume. Fulfilling the sampling requirements of the above two estimation principles it has been shown very recently that by combining them one may even estimate mean sizes and number of arbitrary particles in a stack of sections with constant but unknown separation. Finally, a unique, unbiased estimator of the total number of items in a specimen is described for the use of which one need not measure the distance between sections, nor their thickness, nor the volume of the specimen, nor assume anything about shrinkage/swelling, sectioning compression or lost caps. It is the fractionator.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Vet Res Forum
                Vet Res Forum
                VRF
                Veterinary Research Forum
                Urmia University Press (Urmia, Iran )
                2008-8140
                2322-3618
                March 2022
                15 March 2022
                : 13
                : 1
                : 47-53
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;
                [2 ] Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;
                [3 ] Laboratory of Veterinary Office, Mashhad, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence Abolghasem Nabipour. DVM, PhD, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: nabipour@um.ac.ir
                Article
                10.30466/vrf.2020.115238.2742
                9094583
                35601776
                6efb98d6-3271-4191-84c9-9354a3cb3463

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

                History
                : 2 October 2019
                : 8 January 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                authorized tissues,histology,meat product,stereology,unauthorized tissues

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