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      Phototactic and Chemotactic Signal Transduction by Transmembrane Receptors and Transducers in Microorganisms

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          Abstract

          Microorganisms show attractant and repellent responses to survive in the various environments in which they live. Those phototaxic (to light) and chemotaxic (to chemicals) responses are regulated by membrane-embedded receptors and transducers. This article reviews the following: (1) the signal relay mechanisms by two photoreceptors, Sensory Rhodopsin I (SRI) and Sensory Rhodopsin II (SRII) and their transducers (HtrI and HtrII) responsible for phototaxis in microorganisms; and (2) the signal relay mechanism of a chemoreceptor/transducer protein, Tar, responsible for chemotaxis in E. coli. Based on results mainly obtained by our group together with other findings, the possible molecular mechanisms for phototaxis and chemotaxis are discussed.

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          Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis.

          George Wadhams, Judith Armitage (2004)
          Bacteria must be able to respond to a changing environment, and one way to respond is to move. The transduction of sensory signals alters the concentration of small phosphorylated response regulators that bind to the rotary flagellar motor and cause switching. This simple pathway has provided a paradigm for sensory systems in general. However, the increasing number of sequenced bacterial genomes shows that although the central sensory mechanism seems to be common to all bacteria, there is added complexity in a wide range of species.
          Article 0 comments Cited 409 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Robustness in simple biochemical networks.

            N Barkai, S Leibler (1997)
            Cells use complex networks of interacting molecular components to transfer and process information. These "computational devices of living cells" are responsible for many important cellular processes, including cell-cycle regulation and signal transduction. Here we address the issue of the sensitivity of the networks to variations in their biochemical parameters. We propose a mechanism for robust adaptation in simple signal transduction networks. We show that this mechanism applies in particular to bacterial chemotaxis. This is demonstrated within a quantitative model which explains, in a unified way, many aspects of chemotaxis, including proper responses to chemical gradients. The adaptation property is a consequence of the network's connectivity and does not require the 'fine-tuning' of parameters. We argue that the key properties of biochemical networks should be robust in order to ensure their proper functioning.
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              Bacterial rhodopsin: evidence for a new type of phototrophy in the sea.

              O Béjà, L Aravind, E. V. Koonin … (2000)
              Extremely halophilic archaea contain retinal-binding integral membrane proteins called bacteriorhodopsins that function as light-driven proton pumps. So far, bacteriorhodopsins capable of generating a chemiosmotic membrane potential in response to light have been demonstrated only in halophilic archaea. We describe here a type of rhodopsin derived from bacteria that was discovered through genomic analyses of naturally occuring marine bacterioplankton. The bacterial rhodopsin was encoded in the genome of an uncultivated gamma-proteobacterium and shared highest amino acid sequence similarity with archaeal rhodopsins. The protein was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli and bound retinal to form an active, light-driven proton pump. The new rhodopsin exhibited a photochemical reaction cycle with intermediates and kinetics characteristic of archaeal proton-pumping rhodopsins. Our results demonstrate that archaeal-like rhodopsins are broadly distributed among different taxa, including members of the domain Bacteria. Our data also indicate that a previously unsuspected mode of bacterially mediated light-driven energy generation may commonly occur in oceanic surface waters worldwide.
              Article 0 comments Cited 279 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 April 2010
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 4010-4039
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan; E-Mails: 4dsksuzu@ 123456bunshi4.bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp (D.S.); hiro-iri-nuo@ 123456mail.goo.ne.jp (H.I.); g44416a@ 123456cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp (M.H.)
                [2 ] Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan; E-Mail: ikurok@ 123456hosei.ac.jp (I.K.)
                [3 ] Research Center for Micro-Nano Technology, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
                [4 ] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: z47867a@ 123456cc.nagoya-u.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-52-789-2993; Fax: +81-52-789-3001.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-10-04010
                DOI: 10.3390/s100404010
                PMC ID: 3274258
                PubMed ID: 22319339
                SO-VID: 6ed7d64b-6670-4f26-b9c9-6dcfd9f9e15c
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 28 January 2010
                Date revision received : 29 March 2010
                Date accepted : 9 April 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: phototaxis,transducer,signal transduction,chemotaxis,rhodopsin
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: phototaxis, transducer, signal transduction, chemotaxis, rhodopsin

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