Backyard zoonoses: The roles of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife

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Abstract

The spillover of human infectious diseases from animal reservoirs is now well appreciated. However, societal and climate-related changes are affecting the dynamics of such interfaces. In addition to the disruption of traditional wildlife habitats, in part because of climate change and human demographics and behavior, there is an increasing zoonotic disease risk from companion animals. This includes such factors as the awareness of animals kept as domestic pets and increasing populations of free-ranging animals in peri-domestic environments. This review presents background and commentary focusing on companion and peri-domestic animals as disease risk for humans, taking into account the human-animal interface and population dynamics between the animals themselves.

Abstract

We review the zoonotic risk of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife as risk for human populations.

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Most cited references 103

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A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease.

Colleen Jonsson, Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo, Olli Vapalahti (2010)

Hantaviruses are enzootic viruses that maintain persistent infections in their rodent hosts without apparent disease symptoms. The spillover of these viruses to humans can lead to one of two serious illnesses, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of these viruses following an increase in the number of outbreaks in the Americas. In this review, current concepts regarding the ecology of and disease associated with these serious human pathogens are presented. Priorities for future research suggest an integration of the ecology and evolution of these and other host-virus ecosystems through modeling and hypothesis-driven research with the risk of emergence, host switching/spillover, and disease transmission to humans.

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Canine SARS-CoV-2 infection

Thomas HC Sit, Christopher Brackman, Sin Ming Ip … (2020)

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in December 2019 and caused the pandemic respiratory disease, COVID-19. 1,2 In 2003, the closely related SARS-CoV had been detected in domestic cats and a dog. 3 However, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to SARS-CoV-2. Two of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human cases of COVID-19 in Hong Kong SAR were found to be infected using quantitative RT-PCR, serology, sequencing the viral genome, and in one dog, virus isolation. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in a 17 year-old neutered male Pomeranian from five nasal swabs collected over a 13 day period. A 2.5 yo male German Shepherd dog had SARS CoV-2 RNA on two occasions and virus was isolated from nasal and oral swabs. Both dogs had antibody responses detected using plaque reduction neutralisation assays. Viral genetic sequences of viruses from the two dogs were identical to the virus detected in the respective human cases. The animals remained asymptomatic during quarantine. The evidence suggests that these are instances of human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. It is unclear whether infected dogs can transmit the virus to other animals or back to humans.

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Pathways to zoonotic spillover

Raina K. Plowright, Colin Parrish, Hamish McCallum … (2017)

Zoonotic diseases present a substantial global health burden. In this Opinion article, Plowrightet al. present an integrative conceptual and quantitative model that reveals that all zoonotic pathogens must overcome a hierarchical series of barriers to cause spillover infections in humans. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.45) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Amandine Gamble: (View ORCID Profile)

Ximena A. Olarte-Castillo: (View ORCID Profile)

Gary R. Whittaker: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Title: Science Translational Medicine

Abbreviated Title: Sci. Transl. Med.

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

ISSN (Print): 1946-6234

ISSN (Electronic): 1946-6242

Publication date Created: October 18 2023

Publication date (Print): October 18 2023

Volume: 15

Issue: 718

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

[2 ]Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

[3 ]Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

[4 ]Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

Article

DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj0037

SO-VID: 6ea20a1c-3c3a-4965-9a1f-5032db94d0ac

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Backyard zoonoses: The roles of companion animals and peri-domestic wildlife

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Zoonoses

Most cited references 103

A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease.

Canine SARS-CoV-2 infection

Pathways to zoonotic spillover

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