Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality

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Abstract

The purpose of this review is to summarize bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral causes of reproductive dysgenesis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats. The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Clinicians are encouraged to assess clinical presentation, create complete lists of differential diagnoses, obtain appropriate diagnostic samples, maximize diagnostic laboratory support, and avoid zoonotic infections resulting from reproductive pathogens of animals. The foundation of an accurate diagnosis of reproductive loss due to infectious pathogens facilitates the prudent use of immunization and biosecurity to minimize reproductive losses.

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Most cited references 49

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum - the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in Europe.

S Stuen (2007)

The bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) may cause infection in several animal species including human. The disease in domestic ruminants is also called tick-borne fever (TBF), and has been known for at least 200 years. In Europe, clinical manifestations due to A. phagocytophilum have been recorded in sheep, goat, cattle, horse, dog, cat, roe deer, reindeer and human. However, seropositive and PCR-positive mammalian have been detected in several other species. Investigations indicate that the infection is prevalent in Ixodes ricinus areas in most countries in Europe. A. phagocytophilum infection may cause high fever, cytoplasmatic inclusions in phagocytes and severe neutropenia, but is seldom fatal unless complicated by other infections. Complications may include abortions, and impaired spermatogenesis for several months. However, the most important aspect of the infection at least in sheep is its implication as a predisposing factor for other infections. Factors such as climate, management, other infections, individual conditions etc. are important for the outcome of the infection. A. phagocytophilum may cause persistent infection in several species. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences several variants exist. Different variants may exist within the same herd and even simultaneously in the same animal. Variants may behave differently and interact in the mammalian host.

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Canine brucellosis: outbreaks and compliance.

R Hollett (2006)

Canine infertility has many causes that must be considered during evaluation of abnormal reproductive function. An important infectious agent is Brucella canis. Classically deemed a major reason of abortion, this organism also produces infertility in stud dogs and poses a potential health hazard to dogs and humans. The State of Georgia has, out of necessity, instigated regulations to manage outbreaks and seek compliance by educating the pet owner population about this disease. A review of its etiology, methods of transmission, pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, serology and culture, pathology, treatment options, and regulated prevention featured by Georgia, are presented.

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Myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2.

F McNeilly, G Michael Allan, C Konoby … (1999)

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a recently identified agent that has been associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine populations. In this report, the potential spectrum of disease associated with PCV2 is expanded by evidence of vertical transmission and associated reproductive failure. PCV2 was isolated from a litter of aborted piglets from a farm experiencing late-term abortions and stillbirths. Severe, diffuse myocarditis was present in 1 piglet associated with extensive immunohistochemical staining for PCV2 antigen. Variable amounts of PCV2 antigen were also present in liver, lung, and kidney of multiple fetuses. The presence of other agents that have been associated with fetal lesions and abortion in swine, including porcine parvovirus, porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, and enterovirus, could not be established.

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Author and article information

Contributors

M. Daniel Givens

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Theriogenology

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theriogenology

Title: Theriogenology

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Print): 0093-691X

ISSN (Electronic): 1879-3231

Publication date PMC-release: 27 May 2008

Publication date (Print): August 2008

Publication date (Electronic): 27 May 2008

Volume: 70

Issue: 3

Pages: 270-285

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States

[b ]Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author at: 127 Sugg Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849-5516, United States. Tel.: +1 334 844 4952; fax: +1 334 844 4955. givenmd@ 123456vetmed.auburn.edu

Article

Publisher ID: S0093-691X(08)00202-1

DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018

PMC ID: 7103133

PubMed ID: 18502494

SO-VID: 6e53b241-a0f4-4166-a453-f4654e665b12

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Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality

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Most cited references 49

Anaplasma phagocytophilum - the most widespread tick-borne infection in animals in Europe.

Canine brucellosis: outbreaks and compliance.

Myocarditis and abortion associated with intrauterine infection of sows with porcine circovirus 2.

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