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      Rückgang der ambulanten Antibiotikaverordnungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland 2010–2019. Regionale Entwicklung in den deutschen KV-Regionen

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          Zusammenfassung

          In den letzten 10 Jahren ist das Thema Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS) auch in der ambulanten Kinder- und Jugendmedizin immer stärker in den Vordergrund gerückt. Die vom Zentralinstitut für die kassenärztliche Versorgung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland regelmäßig ausgewerteten bundesweiten krankenkassenübergreifenden Arzneiverordnungsdaten gemäß § 300 Abs. 2 SGB V (gesetzlich Krankenversicherte) zeigen von 2010 bis 2019 eine starke Abnahme der Antibiotikaverordnungsraten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (0 bis 14 Jahre) pro 1000 Versicherte, insbesondere bei Säuglingen (∆ −53 %) und Kleinkindern (∆ −46 %). Aus ABS-Perspektive werden weiterhin zu häufig Oralcephalosporine (v. a. Cefaclor und Cefuroxim) verordnet. Zudem persistieren starke regionale Unterschiede, die sich nicht durch Unterschiede in der Patientenpopulation oder im Erkrankungsspektrum erklären lassen.

          Abstract

          In pediatric outpatient care the topic of antibiotic stewardship (ABS) has gained increasing interest over the last 10 years. The German Central Institute of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians regularly analyzes national antibiotic prescription rates (APR) according to §300 paragraph 2 Social Act 5 (SGB V, statutory insured persons). The most recent analysis (2010–2019) showed marked reductions of the APR in children and adolescents (0–14 years) per 1000 insured persons, particularly in infants (∆ −53%) and toddlers (∆ −46%). From an ABS perspective, oral cephalosporins (e.g. cefaclor and cefuroxime) still account for a too high proportion of all prescriptions. In addition, there are striking regional differences that cannot be explained by differences in the patient population or the spectrum of diseases.

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          A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antibiotic consumption on antibiotic resistance

          Background Greater use of antibiotics during the past 50 years has exerted selective pressure on susceptible bacteria and may have favoured the survival of resistant strains. Existing information on antibiotic resistance patterns from pathogens circulating among community-based patients is substantially less than from hospitalized patients on whom guidelines are often based. We therefore chose to assess the relationship between the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria circulating in the community and the consumption of antibiotics in the community. Methods Both gray literature and published scientific literature in English and other European languages was examined. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse whether studies found a positive relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistance. A subsequent meta-analysis and meta-regression was conducted for studies for which a common effect size measure (odds ratio) could be calculated. Results Electronic searches identified 974 studies but only 243 studies were considered eligible for inclusion by the two independent reviewers who extracted the data. A binomial test revealed a positive relationship between antibiotic consumption and resistance (p < .001) but multiple regression modelling did not produce any significant predictors of study outcome. The meta-analysis generated a significant pooled odds ratio of 2.3 (95% confidence interval 2.2 to 2.5) with a meta-regression producing several significant predictors (F(10,77) = 5.82, p < .01). Countries in southern Europe produced a stronger link between consumption and resistance than other regions. Conclusions Using a large set of studies we found that antibiotic consumption is associated with the development of antibiotic resistance. A subsequent meta-analysis, with a subsample of the studies, generated several significant predictors. Countries in southern Europe produced a stronger link between consumption and resistance than other regions so efforts at reducing antibiotic consumption may need to be strengthened in this area. Increased consumption of antibiotics may not only produce greater resistance at the individual patient level but may also produce greater resistance at the community, country, and regional levels, which can harm individual patients.
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            Effect of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing by primary care pediatricians: a randomized trial.

            Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been effective for inpatients, often through prescribing audit and feedback. However, most antimicrobial use occurs in outpatients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). To evaluate the effect of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention on antibiotic prescribing for pediatric outpatients. Cluster randomized trial of outpatient antimicrobial stewardship comparing prescribing between intervention and control practices using a common electronic health record. After excluding children with chronic medical conditions, antibiotic allergies, and prior antibiotic use, we estimated prescribing rates for targeted ARTIs standardized for age, sex, race, and insurance from 20 months before the intervention to 12 months afterward (October 2008-June 2011). A network of 25 pediatric primary care practices in Pennsylvania and New Jersey; 18 practices (162 clinicians) participated. One 1-hour on-site clinician education session (June 2010) followed by 1 year of personalized, quarterly audit and feedback of prescribing for bacterial and viral ARTIs or usual practice. Rates of broad-spectrum (off-guideline) antibiotic prescribing for bacterial ARTIs and antibiotics for viral ARTIs for 1 year after the intervention. Broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing decreased from 26.8% to 14.3% (absolute difference, 12.5%) among intervention practices vs from 28.4% to 22.6% (absolute difference, 5.8%) in controls (difference of differences [DOD], 6.7%; P = .01 for differences in trajectories). Off-guideline prescribing for children with pneumonia decreased from 15.7% to 4.2% among intervention practices compared with 17.1% to 16.3% in controls (DOD, 10.7%; P < .001) and for acute sinusitis from 38.9% to 18.8% in intervention practices and from 40.0% to 33.9% in controls (DOD, 14.0%; P = .12). Off-guideline prescribing was uncommon at baseline and changed little for streptococcal pharyngitis (intervention, from 4.4% to 3.4%; control, from 5.6% to 3.5%; DOD, -1.1%; P = .82) and for viral infections (intervention, from 7.9% to 7.7%; control, from 6.4% to 4.5%; DOD, -1.7%; P = .93). In this large pediatric primary care network, clinician education coupled with audit and feedback, compared with usual practice, improved adherence to prescribing guidelines for common bacterial ARTIs, and the intervention did not affect antibiotic prescribing for viral infections. Future studies should examine the drivers of these effects, as well as the generalizability, sustainability, and clinical outcomes of outpatient antimicrobial stewardship. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01806103.
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              Effect of using an interactive booklet about childhood respiratory tract infections in primary care consultations on reconsulting and antibiotic prescribing: a cluster randomised controlled trial

              Objective To establish whether an interactive booklet on respiratory tract infections in children reduces reconsultation for the same illness episode, reduces antibiotic use, and affects future consulting intentions, while maintaining parental satisfaction with care. Design Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting 61 general practices in Wales and England. Participants 558 children (6 months to 14 years) presenting to primary care with an acute respiratory tract infection (7 days or less). Children with suspected pneumonia, asthma or a serious concomitant illness, or needing immediate hospital admission were excluded. Three withdrew and 27 were lost to follow-up, leaving 528 (94.6%) with main outcome data. Interventions Clinicians in the intervention group were trained in the use of an interactive booklet on respiratory tract infections and asked to use the booklet during consultations with recruited patients (and provide it as a take home resource). Clinicians in the control group conducted their consultations as usual. Main outcome measures The proportion of children who attended a face-to-face consultation about the same illness during the two week follow-up period. Secondary outcomes included antibiotic prescribing, antibiotic consumption, future consulting intentions, and parental satisfaction, reassurance, and enablement. Results Reconsultation occurred in 12.9% of children in the intervention group and 16.2% in the control group (absolute risk reduction 3.3%, 95% confidence interval −2.7% to 9.3%, P=0.29). Using multilevel modelling (at the practice and individual level) to account for clustering, no significant difference in reconsulting was noted (odds ratio 0.75; 0.41 to 1.38). Antibiotics were prescribed at the index consultation to 19.5% of children in the intervention group and 40.8% of children in the control group (absolute risk reduction 21.3%, 95% confidence interval 13.7 to 28.9), P<0.001). A significant difference was still present after adjusting for clustering (odds ratio 0.29; 0.14 to 0.60). There was also a significant difference in the proportion of parents who said they would consult in the future if their child developed a similar illness (odds ratio 0.34; 0.20 to 0.57). Satisfaction, reassurance, and parental enablement scores were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions Use of a booklet on respiratory tract infections in children within primary care consultations led to important reductions in antibiotic prescribing and reduced intention to consult without reducing satisfaction with care. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN46104365
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde
                Monatsschr Kinderheilkd
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                0026-9298
                1433-0474
                May 2022
                July 30 2021
                May 2022
                : 170
                : 5
                : 392-402
                Article
                10.1007/s00112-021-01276-9
                6e5285c7-f710-4712-aa31-31fa4b4cb78d
                © 2022

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

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