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      Helicobacter pylori infection in Havana, Cuba. Prevalence and cagA status of the strains Translated title: Infección por Helicobacter pylori en la Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.Prevalencia de las cepas cagA positivas

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          Abstract

          There is a great paucity of information about Helicobacter pylori infection in the countries of the Caribbean basin. Almost no studies have been performed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance or virulence factors of the bacterium. To measure the prevalence of H. pylori infection among patients attending endoscopy in three clinics in Havana, Cuba, to evaluate clarithromycin resistance, and to determine the cagA status of the strains obtained. Endoscopy was performed and biopsies were obtained from 117 successive patients attending the Institute of Oncology, the Institute of Gastroenterology, and the Calixto Garcia Hospital in Havana, Cuba. Biopsies were maintained at -70 ºC before being cultured on three different media (two selective and one non-selective) and incubated for 7 days at 37 °C under a microaerobic atmosphere. The presence of H. pylori was identified by oxidase, catalase and urease activities. DNA was extracted, and PCR was performed with primers H2761676 which amplify a 397 bp fragment of the cagA gene. Clarithromycin susceptibility was measured by the gel diffusion method. The diagnoses of patients were: 1 gastric carcinoma; 19 duodenal ulcers; 8 gastric ulcers; and 89 non-ulcer dyspepsia, including (62) gastritis, (9) hiatal hernia,(2) biliary reflux, (1) gastric polyps, and (15) no abnormality. Among the 117 biopsies tested, 83 were H. pylori positive (70.9%). The cagA status determined for 35 cases gave a positive result in 31 cases (88.5%). Only 3% of the strains were resistant to clarithromycin.The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in the symptomatic population of La Habana is the same as reported for other developing countries. Most strains were cagA positive and are likely harbour the cag pathogenicity island. The low resistance to clarithromycin in the strains studied probably reflects the low degree of use of the antibiotic in this population.

          Translated abstract

          Existe una gran falta de información acerca de la infección por Helicobacter pylori en los países de la región del Caribe. Nuestros objetivos en este estudio fueron determinar la prevalencia, la resistencia a los antibióticos y los factores de virulencia de la bacteria. La medida de la prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori se determinó en un grupo de pacientes a los que se les practicó una endoscopia en tres centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La Habana, lo que nos permitió evaluar la resistencia a la claritromicina y la presencia de cagA + en las cepas obtenidas. De las endoscopias realizadas se obtuvieron 117 biopsias gástricas, procedentes de tres centros hospitalarios de La Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba: Instituto de Oncología, Instituto de Gastroenterología y el Hospital Calixto García. Las biopsias fueron mantenidas a -70 ºC para posterior cultivo en tres medios diferentes (dos selectivos y uno no selectivo) y su posterior incubación por 7 días a 37 ºC en una atmósfera de microaerofilia. La presencia de H. pylori fue identificada por la presencia de diferentes enzimas (oxidasa, catalasa, ureasa). Se realizó la extracción del DNA y la PCR, donde se utilizó el primer H2761676 y se amplificó con 397 fragmentos del gen cagA. La susceptibilidad a la claritromicina fue medida por el método de difusión en gel. Diagnóstico endoscópico: (1) cáncer gástrico; (19) úlcera duodenal; (8) úlcera gástrica; (89) dispepsias no ulcerosas, incluyendo (62) gastritis; (9) hernia hiatal; (2) reflujo biliar; (1) pólipo gástrico; (15) panendoscopias normales. Del total de 117 biopsias realizadas, 83 fueron positivas a la infección por H.pylori (70,9% ). De las 35 cepas a las que se les realizó presencia de cagA+ resultaron positivas 31 (88,5%). Solo el 3% de las cepas fueron resistentes a la claritromicina. La prevalencia de la infección por H. pylori en la población sintomática de La Ciudad de La Habana es la misma que la reportada en países desarrollados. La mayoría de las cepas fueron cagA positivas y son probablemente el puerto de la Isla de patogenicidad (cagPAI). La baja resistencia a la claritromicina en las cepas estudiadas, probablemente refleja la escasa utilización de este antibiótico en la población estudiada.

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          Geographic distribution of vacA allelic types of Helicobacter pylori.

          Distinct allelic types of Helicobacter pylori vacA have been defined. The geographic distribution of vacA alleles and cagA was assessed in this study. A total of 735 cultures from patients in 24 countries were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization on a line probe assay (LiPA). In 124 (16.9%) of the 735 cultures, multiple vacA genotypes were detected, permitting analysis of 611 strains. In Europe, a distribution gradient of s1 subtypes was observed. In northern and eastern Europe, 89% were subtype s1a. s1a and s1b were equally present in France and Italy, whereas in Spain and Portugal 89% of strains were subtype s1b. s1a and s1b were approximately equally prevalent in North America. In Central and South America, virtually all s1 strains were subtype s1b. Subtype s1c was observed in 77% of the s1 isolates from East Asia. m1 and m2a have equal presence, except on the Iberian peninsula and in Central and South America, where m1 (86.2%) is more prevalent than m2 (13.8%). Subtype m2b was found exclusively among East Asian s1c strains. In all parts of the world, vacA s1/cagA-positive genotypes were associated with peptic ulcer disease (P < 0.001). These data indicate a geographic distribution of H. pylori genotypes and aid in understanding the relationship of H. pylori with disease.
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            Screening for gastric cancer and surveillance of premalignant lesions: a systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies.

            Cost-effectiveness studies are highly dependent on the models, settings, and variables used and should be based on systematic reviews. We systematically reviewed cost-effectiveness studies that address screening for gastric cancer and/or surveillance of precancerous conditions and lesions. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies was performed by conducting a sensitive search in seven databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Current Contents Connect, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, Academic Search Complete, and CINAHL Plus), independently evaluated by two investigators. Articles were evaluated for type of study, perspective, model, intervention, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, clinical or cost variables, and quality, according to published guidelines. From 2395 abstracts, 23 articles were included: 19 concerning population screening and 4 on following up premalignant lesions. Studies on Helicobacter pylori screening concluded that serology was cost-effective, depending on cancer incidence and endoscopy cost (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: 6264-25,881), and eradication after endoscopic resection was also cost-effective (dominant) based on one study. Studies on imaging screening concluded that endoscopy was more cost-effective than no screening (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: 3376-26,836). Articles on follow-up of premalignant lesions reported conflicting results (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio: 1868-72,519 for intestinal metaplasia; 18,600-39,800 for dysplasia). Quality assessment revealed a unanimous lack of a detailed systematic review and fulfillment of a median number of 23 items (20-26) of 35 possible ones. The available evidence shows that Helicobacter pylori serology or endoscopic population screening is cost-effective, while endoscopic surveillance of premalignant gastric lesions presents conflicting results. Better implementation of published guidelines and accomplishment of systematic detailed reviews are needed. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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              The functional status of the Helicobacter pylori sabB adhesin gene as a putative marker for disease outcome.

              Helicobacter pylori factors that contribute to disease outcome are largely unknown, but intimate contact with host cells mediated by outer membrane proteins is thought to play an important role. Expression of the outer membrane proteins OipA, HopZ, SabA, and SabB is regulated by phase-variable dinucleotide repeats in the coding regions of the respective genes. We have evaluated the correlation between the expression status of these four genes and disease outcome of H. pylori infection in a Dutch patient population. H. pylori strains, isolated from 96 Dutch patients with gastritis (n = 29), duodenal ulcer (n = 28), gastric ulcer (n = 21), gastric carcinoma (n = 9), and lymphoma (n = 9), were analyzed for the 'on/off' expression status of the H. pylori genes oipA, hopZ, sabA, and sabB by direct DNA sequence analysis of amplified fragments. The off-status of sabB was significantly associated with duodenal ulcer (p =.036), but not with gastric ulcer. In contrast, the expression status of oipA, hopZ, and sabA did not correlate with disease outcome. Furthermore, lymphoma strains appeared to express a significantly smaller amount of putative adhesins when compared to gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer and gastric carcinoma strains (p <.02 for all groups tested). The off-status of sabB was found to be associated with duodenal ulcer disease, and thus represents a putative marker for disease outcome. Assuming that SabB is involved in bacterial adhesion, this association suggests that adherent H. pylori are more prone to elimination by the host immune system.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                vac
                Vaccimonitor
                Vaccimonitor
                Finlay Ediciones (La Habana, , Cuba )
                1025-028X
                1025-0298
                December 2005
                : 14
                : 2
                : 15-19
                Affiliations
                [03] Bordeaux orgnameLaboratoire de Bactériologie France.
                [06] Ciudad de La Habana orgnameInstituto de Gastroenterología Cuba
                [02] Ciudad de La Habana, orgnameInstituto Finlay Cuba.
                [01] Santo Domingo orgnameAcademia de Ciencias de La República Dominicana República Dominicana begu@ 123456infomed.sld.cu
                [05] Ciudad de La Habana orgnameCCE Hospital Universitario Calixto García Cuba
                [04] Ciudad de La Habana orgnameInstituto de Oncología Cuba
                [07] Sydney orgnameSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science Australia.
                Article
                S1025-028X2005000200003 S1025-028X(05)01400203
                6e383f7b-7be3-4bcb-a38a-89d06db01f98

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 5
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                SciELO Cuba

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                ARTICULOS ORIGINALES

                endoscopic diagnosis,H. pylori,prevalencia,diagnóstico endoscópico,prevalence

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