The effect of surface roughness on ceramics used in dentistry: A review of literature

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Abstract

Long term clinical success of modern dental ceramics depends on a number of factors. These factors include the physical properties of the material, the laboratory fabrication process, the laboratory fabrication technique and clinical procedures that may damage these brittle materials. The surface structure and composition of a dental restorative material influences the initial bacterial adhesion, and a rough material surface will accumulate more plaque. Biomaterials for the restoration of oral function are prone to biofilm formation, affecting oral health. An up to date online database search was performed using the keywords “bacterial biofilm,” “ceramic strength,” “dental ceramics” and “surface roughness.” The searches were performed on Medline/PubMed, and Scopus and the cross references were further searched in the databases to verify further studies. The relevant papers included original articles, systemic reviews, case reports and letters to the editor. All the papers were reviewed, and the most relevant studies were selected for referencing by the author. The aim of this paper is to highlight the influence of rougher surfaces on the ceramic strength and plaque accumulation leading to bacterial biofilm formation.

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Most cited references 98

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Effect of material characteristics and/or surface topography on biofilm development.

Wim Teughels, Nele Van Assche, Isabelle Sliepen … (2006)

From an ecological viewpoint, the oral cavity, in fact the oro-pharynx, is an 'open growth system'. It undergoes an uninterrupted introduction and removal of both microorganisms and nutrients. In order to survive within the oro-pharyngeal area, bacteria need to adhere either to the soft or hard tissues in order to resist shear forces. The fast turn-over of the oral lining epithelia (shedding 3 x/day) is an efficient defence mechanism as it prevents the accumulation of large masses of microorganisms. Teeth, dentures, or endosseous implants, however, providing non-shedding surfaces, allow the formation of thick biofilms. In general, the established biofilm maintains an equilibrium with the host. An uncontrolled accumulation and/or metabolism of bacteria on the hard surfaces forms, however, the primary cause of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and stomatitis. This systematic review aimed to evaluate critically the impact of surface characteristics (free energy, roughness, chemistry) on the de novo biofilm formation, especially in the supragingival and to a lesser extent in the subgingival areas. An electronic Medline search (from 1966 until July 2005) was conducted applying the following search items: 'biofilm formation and dental/oral implants/surface characteristics', 'surface characteristics and implants', 'biofilm formation and oral', 'plaque/biofilm and roughness', 'plaque/biofilm and surface free energy', and 'plaque formation and implants'. Only clinical studies within the oro-pharyngeal area were included. From a series of split-mouth studies, it could be concluded that both an increase in surface roughness above the R(a) threshold of 0.2 microm and/or of the surface-free energy facilitates biofilm formation on restorative materials. When both surface characteristics interact with each other, surface roughness was found to be predominant. The biofilm formation is also influenced by the type (chemical composition) of biomaterial or the type of coating. Direct comparisons in biofilm formation on different transmucosal implant surfaces are scars. Extrapolation of data from studies on different restorative materials seems to indicate that transmucosal implant surfaces with a higher surface roughness/surface free energy facilitate biofilm formation.

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A substantial fraction of the mysteries associated with crack extension might be eliminated if the description of fracture experiments could include some reasonable estimate of the stress conditions near the leading edge of a crack particularly at points of onset of rapid fracture and at points of fracture arrest. It is pointed out that for somewhat brittle tensile fractures in situations such that a generalized plane-stress or a plane-strain analysis is appropriate, the influence of the test configuration, loads, and crack length upon the stresses near an end of the crack may be expressed in terms of two parameters. One of these is an adjustable uniform stress parallel to the direction of a crack extension. It is shown that the other parameter, called the stress-intensity factor, is proportional to the square root of the force tending to cause crack extension. Both factors have a clear interpretation and field of usefulness in investigations of brittle-fracture mechanics.

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Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesive interactions--its mechanisms and methods for study.

Paul A. C. Duijn, Arjan Bos, Henk J. Busscher (1999)

In this review, initial microbial adhesive interactions are divided into adhesion to substratum surfaces, coaggregation between microbial pairs and co-adhesion between sessile and planktonic microorganisms of different strains or species. The physico-chemical mechanisms underlying the adhesive interactions are described and a critical review is given of currently employed methods to study microbial adhesive interactions, with an emphasis on the use of the parallel plate flow chamber. Subsequently, for each of the three microbial adhesive interactions distinguished, the role of Lifshitz-van der Waals, acid-base and electrostatic interactions is described based on existing literature.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Dent

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Dent

Journal ID (publisher-id): EJD

Title: European Journal of Dentistry

Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )

ISSN (Print): 1305-7456

ISSN (Electronic): 1305-7464

Publication date (Print): Oct-Dec 2014

Volume: 8

Issue: 4

Pages: 571-579

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Prosthodontics, Ziauddin College of Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan

Author notes

Correspondence: Dr. Haroon Rashid, Email: drh.rashid@ 123456hotmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: EJD-8-571

DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143646

PMC ID: 4253118

PubMed ID: 25512743

SO-VID: 6e123e73-bc9c-413e-a4c8-bffa0a52b50c

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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