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      Agrobiodiversidad y economía de la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) en comunidades aymaras de la cuenca del Titicaca Translated title: Agricultural biodiversity and economy quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in Aymara communities of the Titicaca watershed

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          Abstract

          En 2013 la FAO ha emprendido una campaña mundial, promoviendo el consumo de la quinua, la demanda internacional se incrementó rápidamente, generando complejos escenarios agroalimentarios en las comunidades aymaras de la cuenca del Titicaca "principal zona de producción de quinua a nivel mundial" con impactos en el sistema de agrobiodiversidad, en este contexto consideramos de suma importancia investigar cómo afecta la demanda internacional, la intensificación de la producción y la exportación de la quinua, al sistema de agrobiodiversidad aymara en la cuenca del lago Titicaca para lo cual previamente; (1) Determinamos los volúmenes de producción nacional y volumen de exportación desde el año 2000 a 2015 en los dos principales productores, Perú y Bolivia, analizamos su dinámica y diferencias, (2) demostramos los cambios en el sistema de agrobiodiversidad aymara con la introducción de la quinua al proceso de economía global; específicamente la tendencia de la conservación de variedades de quinua y mantenimiento de diversas especies agrícolas, se consigna además la situación de conocimientos ancestrales para el cultivo de la quinua y el uso de agroquímicos o fertilizantes sintéticos para el incremento de la productividad dentro del proceso de intensificación y la extensión del cultivo de la quinua. En conclusión, la inclusión de la quinua en la economía de libre mercado y el modelo de producción intensiva promovida por el gobierno y los agroexportadores, también legitimada por gran parte de los agricultores de la zona de estudio, la intensificación y la extensión ha reducido la cantidad de variedades de tipos de quinua y el número de especies agrícolas cultivadas en la misma zona geográfica antes del cultivo de quinua para la exportación, así como la extinción de los conocimientos ancestrales y el empobrecimiento de suelos.

          Translated abstract

          FAO in 2013 has launched a global campaign promoting the consumption of Quinoa, international demand increased rapidly, generating complex scenarios agri Aymara communities of the Titicaca watershed "main production worldwide Quinoa" with impacts on agricultural biodiversity system, in this context we consider important to investigate how it affects international demand, the intensification of production and export of Quinoa, Aymara system of agricultural biodiversity in the Lake Titicaca for which previously; (1) We determine the volumes of domestic production and export volumes from 2000 to 2015 in two major producers Peru and Bolivia, analyze its dynamics and differences, (2) show the changes in the Aymara system with the introduction of agro-biodiversity quinoa to the process of global economy; specifically the trend of conservation varieties of quinoa and maintenance of various agricultural species, also entered the situation of ancestral knowledge for growing quinoa and use of chemicals or synthetic fertilizers to increase productivity in the process of intensification and the extent of cultivation of Quinoa. In conclusion, the inclusion of quinoa in the free market economy and the intensive production model promoted by the government and the agricultural exporters, also legitimized by the majority of farmers in the study area, the intensification and expansion has reduced the many varieties of types of quinoa and the number of agricultural crop species in the same geographical area before quinoa for export as well as the extinction of ancestral knowledge and impoverishment of soils.

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          Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties.

          Expansion and intensification of cultivation are among the predominant global changes of this century. Intensification of agriculture by use of high-yielding crop varieties, fertilization,irrigation, and pesticides has contributed substantially to the tremendous increases in food production over the past 50 years. Land conversion and intensification,however, also alter the biotic interactions and patterns of resource availability in ecosystems and can have serious local, regional, and global environmental consequences.The use of ecologically based management strategies can increase the sustainability of agricultural production while reducing off-site consequences.
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            What kind of intensification? Agricultural practice, soil fertility and socioeconomic differentiation in rural Burkina Faso

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              Response of bird populations to farmland set-aside programs.

              The role of agricultural landscapes in biodiversity conservation has been largely ignored despite their potential role in conserving declining species. Within agricultural landscapes, set-aside programs may offer the most promising conservation opportunities due to the large area involved in these programs. I explored the relationship between set-aside effect size--on the basis of data from field studies of birds in cropland and set-aside fields--and population changes following establishment of these fields. Species whose abundance was most strongly influenced by the establishment of set-aside lands also tended to show positive changes in population trends following broad-scale implementation of the set-aside program. This relationship was strongest for grassland obligate birds, a group of birds experiencing broad-scale population declines throughout North America. There is now increasing evidence that set-aside lands within the United States are providing population-level benefits to grassland birds. Nevertheless, there are also increasing concerns about the stability of these set-aside lands in the face of increased demand for crops and rising commodity prices. If set-aside area within the United States is allowed to decline, additional declines of birds and perhaps other taxa within agricultural landscapes seem likely.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                idesia
                Idesia (Arica)
                Idesia
                Universidad de Tarapacá. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas (Arica, , Chile )
                0718-3429
                November 2015
                : 33
                : 4
                : 81-87
                Affiliations
                [03] Salamanca orgnameUniversidad de Salamanca orgdiv1Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria España
                [04] Yunguyo orgnameInstituto de Investigación y Revaloración de Culturas Indígenas Perú
                [01] Barcelona orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Ambiental España davarhua@ 123456doctor.upv.es
                [02] Oporto orgnameUniversidad de Oporto Portugal
                Article
                S0718-34292015000400011 S0718-3429(15)03300400011
                6d74de3c-aaca-49a8-8dfe-d3c9ca01872b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 April 2015
                : 31 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                INVESTIGACIONES

                quinua,Titicaca,aymaras,agrobiodiversidad,sustentabilidad,Aymara,Jirwa,agrobiodiversity,sustainability

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