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      Comparative Efficacy of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as Screening Tools for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

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          Abstract

          Objective:

          About 24.1% of pregnant women suffer from at least 1 anxiety disorder, 8.5% of whom suffer specifically from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). GAD is often associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). During the perinatal period, the presence of physical and somatic symptoms often makes differentiation between depression and anxiety more challenging. To date, no screening tools have been developed to detect GAD in the perinatal population. We investigated the psychometric properties of the GAD 7-item Scale (GAD-7) as a screening tool for GAD in pregnant and postpartum women.

          Methods:

          Two hundred and forty perinatal women ( n = 155 pregnant and n = 85 postpartum) referred for psychiatric consultation were enrolled. On the day of initial assessment, all women completed the GAD-7 and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition–based diagnoses were made by experienced psychiatrists. Scores from the GAD-7 and EPDS were compared with the clinical diagnoses to evaluate the psychometric properties of the GAD-7 and EPDS when used as a screening tool for GAD.

          Results:

          The GAD-7 yielded a sensitivity of 61.3% and specificity of 72.7% at an optimal cut-off score of 13. Compared with the EPDS and the EPDS-3A subscale, the GAD-7 displayed greater accuracy and specificity over a greater range of cut-off scores and more accurately identified GAD in patients with comorbid MDD.

          Conclusion:

          Our findings suggest that the GAD-7 represents a clinically useful scale for the detection of GAD in perinatal women.

          Translated abstract

          Objectif :

          Environ 24,1 % des femmes enceintes souffrent d’au moins 1 trouble anxieux, et 8,5 % d’entre elles souffrent spécifiquement du trouble anxieux généralisé (TAG). Le TAG est souvent associé au trouble dépressif majeur (TDM). Durant la période périnatale, la présence de symptômes physiques et somatiques rend la différenciation entre dépression et anxiété encore plus difficile. Jusqu’ici, aucun instrument de dépistage n’a été mis au point pour détecter le TAG dans la population périnatale. Nous avons recherché les propriétés psychométriques de l’échelle à 7 items du TAG (TAG-7) comme instrument de dépistage du TAG chez les femmes enceintes et postpartum.

          Méthodes :

          Deux cent quarante femmes périnatales ( n = 155 enceintes et n = 85 postpartum) adressées à une consultation psychiatrique ont été inscrites. Le jour de l’évaluation initiale, toutes les femmes ont répondu à la TAG-7 et à l’échelle de dépression postnatale d’Édimbourg (EDPE). Des diagnostics basés sur le Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux, 4 e édition, ont été posés par des psychiatres expérimentés. Les scores à la TAG-7 et à l’EDPE ont été comparés avec les diagnostics cliniques pour évaluer les propriétés psychométriques de la TAG-7 et de l’EDPE lorsque ces échelles servent d’instrument de dépistage du TAG.

          Résultats :

          La TAG-7 a produit une sensibilité de 61,3 % et une spécificité de 72,7 % au seuil d’inclusion optimal de 13. Comparé à l’EDPE et à la sous-échelle EDPE-3A, la TAG-7 présentait une précision et une spécificité plus grandes sur une étendue plus longue de seuils d’inclusion, et identifiait plus exactement le TAG chez les patientes souffrant de TDM comorbide.

          Conclusion :

          Nos résultats suggèrent que la TAG-7 représente une échelle cliniquement utile pour la détection du TAG chez les femmes périnatales.

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          Most cited references32

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          Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

          The development of a 10-item self-report scale (EPDS) to screen for Postnatal Depression in the community is described. After extensive pilot interviews a validation study was carried out on 84 mothers using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for depressive illness obtained from Goldberg's Standardised Psychiatric Interview. The EPDS was found to have satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, and was also sensitive to change in the severity of depression over time. The scale can be completed in about 5 minutes and has a simple method of scoring. The use of the EPDS in the secondary prevention of Postnatal Depression is discussed.
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            Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.

            This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, the first survey to administer a structured psychiatric interview to a national probability sample in the United States. The DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among persons aged 15 to 54 years in the noninstitutionalized civilian population of the United States were assessed with data collected by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Nearly 50% of respondents reported at least one lifetime disorder, and close to 30% reported at least one 12-month disorder. The most common disorders were major depressive episode, alcohol dependence, social phobia, and simple phobia. More than half of all lifetime disorders occurred in the 14% of the population who had a history of three or more comorbid disorders. These highly comorbid people also included the vast majority of people with severe disorders. Less than 40% of those with a lifetime disorder had ever received professional treatment, and less than 20% of those with a recent disorder had been in treatment during the past 12 months. Consistent with previous risk factor research, it was found that women had elevated rates of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, that men had elevated rates of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder, and that most disorders declined with age and with higher socioeconomic status. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders is greater than previously thought to be the case. Furthermore, this morbidity is more highly concentrated than previously recognized in roughly one sixth of the population who have a history of three or more comorbid disorders. This suggests that the causes and consequences of high comorbidity should be the focus of research attention. The majority of people with psychiatric disorders fail to obtain professional treatment. Even among people with a lifetime history of three or more comorbid disorders, the proportion who ever obtain specialty sector mental health treatment is less than 50%. These results argue for the importance of more outreach and more research on barriers to professional help-seeking.
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              Variability in use of cut-off scores and formats on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: implications for clinical and research practice.

              i) To highlight the increasing use in the literature of unvalidated cut-off scores on the Edinburgh Depression Scale (EDS/EPDS), as well as different wording and formatting in the scale; ii) to investigate and discuss the possible impact of using an unvalidated cut-off score; iii) to highlight possible reasons for these 'errors'; and iv) to make recommendations to clinicians and researchers who use the EDS/EPDS. A convenience sample of studies that have used unvalidated cut-off scores, or different formatting, are cited as evidence that these types of 'errors' are occurring fairly frequently. Examination of previous data from one of the authors is undertaken to determine the effect of using an unvalidated cut-off score. Many studies report rates of high scorers on the EDS/EPDS using different cut-off scores to the validated ones. The effect of doing this on the overall rate can be substantial. The effect of using different formatting is not known, though excluding items from the EDS/EPDS must also make a substantial difference. We recommend that i) the validated score of 13 or more is used when reporting on probable major depression in postnatal English-speaking women, and 15 or more when reporting on antenatal English-speaking women; ii) that the wording used is "13 or more" (or equivalent), and not other terms that may cause confusion (e.g., '>12'; 'more than 12'; '13' etc), iii) if a different cut-off score to the validated one is used, a clear explanation is given as to why this has been done; and iv) that the scale should be worded and formatted as originally described by its authors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Psychiatry
                Can J Psychiatry
                Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie
                The Canadian Psychiatric Association
                0706-7437
                1497-0015
                August 2014
                : 59
                : 8
                : 434-440
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Student, MiNDS Neuroscience Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
                [2 ]Student, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.
                [3 ]Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; Psychiatrist, Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario.
                [4 ]Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario; Director, Women’s Health Concerns Clinic, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario; Academic Head, Mood Disorders Program, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario.
                Author notes
                Correspondence: 301 James Street South, Suite F638, Hamilton, ON L8P 3B6; freybn@ 123456mcmaster.ca .
                Article
                cjp-2014-vol59-august-434-440
                10.1177/070674371405900806
                4143300
                25161068
                6d7380c2-e4cb-44f6-881c-43d402c10ef6
                © 2014 Canadian Psychiatric Association

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : October 2013
                : March 2014
                : March 2014
                Categories
                Original Research

                pregnancy,postpartum,anxiety,edinburgh postnatal depression scale,generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale

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