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      Transcriptomic Characterization of the South American Freshwater Stingray Potamotrygon motoro Venom Apparatus

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          Abstract

          Venomous animals are found through a wide taxonomic range including cartilaginous fish such as the freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro occurring in South America, which can injure people and cause venom-related symptoms. Ensuring the efficacy of drug development to treat stingray injuries can be assisted by the knowledge of the venom composition. Here we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of the venom gland of the South American freshwater stingray Potamotrygon motoro. The transcripts retrieved showed 418 hits to venom components (comparably to 426 and 396 hits in other two Potamotrygon species), with high expression levels of hyaluronidase, cystatin and calglandulin along with hits uniquely found in P. motoro such as DELTA-alicitoxin-Pse1b, Augerpeptide hhe53 and PI-actitoxin-Aeq3a. We also identified undescribed molecules with extremely high expression values with sequence similarity to the SE-cephalotoxin and Rapunzel genes. Comparative analyses showed that despite being closely related, there may be significant variation among the venoms of freshwater stingrays, highlighting the importance of considering elicit care in handling different envenomation cases. Since hyaluronidase represents a major component of fish venom, we have performed phylogenetic and selective pressure analyses of this gene/protein across all fish with the available information. Results indicated an independent recruitment of the hyaluronidase into the stingray venom relative to that of venomous bony fish. The hyaluronidase residues were found to be mostly under negative selection, but 18 sites showed evidence of diversifying positive selection ( P < 0.05). Our data provides new insight into stingray venom variation, composition, and selective pressure in hyaluronidase.

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          Genomic sequencing has made it clear that a large fraction of the genes specifying the core biological functions are shared by all eukaryotes. Knowledge of the biological role of such shared proteins in one organism can often be transferred to other organisms. The goal of the Gene Ontology Consortium is to produce a dynamic, controlled vocabulary that can be applied to all eukaryotes even as knowledge of gene and protein roles in cells is accumulating and changing. To this end, three independent ontologies accessible on the World-Wide Web (http://www.geneontology.org) are being constructed: biological process, molecular function and cellular component.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Toxins (Basel)
                Toxins (Basel)
                toxins
                Toxins
                MDPI
                2072-6651
                18 December 2018
                December 2018
                : 10
                : 12
                : 544
                Affiliations
                [1 ]CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; filipecgsilva@ 123456gmail.com (F.S.); up201306198@ 123456fc.up.pt (V.Y.)
                [2 ]Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
                [3 ]Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; huangyu@ 123456genomics.cn (Y.H.); shiqiong@ 123456genomics.cn (Q.S.)
                [4 ]BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
                [5 ]Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Recreational Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Recreational Fisheries, Guangzhou 510380, China; muxd@ 123456prfri.ac.cn
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: aantunes@ 123456ciimar.up.pt ; Tel.: +351-22-340-1813
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6358-976X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1328-1732
                Article
                toxins-10-00544
                10.3390/toxins10120544
                6315956
                30567320
                6d6df878-7580-477f-8867-33fd45a21cea
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 15 November 2018
                : 14 December 2018
                Categories
                Article

                Molecular medicine
                venom,transcriptomics,stingray,hyaluronidase,next-generation sequencing,selective pressure

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