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      Creation of 3D Multi-Body Orthodontic Models by Using Independent Imaging Sensors

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          Abstract

          In the field of dental health care, plaster models combined with 2D radiographs are widely used in clinical practice for orthodontic diagnoses. However, complex malocclusions can be better analyzed by exploiting 3D digital dental models, which allow virtual simulations and treatment planning processes. In this paper, dental data captured by independent imaging sensors are fused to create multi-body orthodontic models composed of teeth, oral soft tissues and alveolar bone structures. The methodology is based on integrating Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and surface structured light scanning. The optical scanner is used to reconstruct tooth crowns and soft tissues (visible surfaces) through the digitalization of both patients' mouth impressions and plaster casts. These data are also used to guide the segmentation of internal dental tissues by processing CBCT data sets. The 3D individual dental tissues obtained by the optical scanner and the CBCT sensor are fused within multi-body orthodontic models without human supervisions to identify target anatomical structures. The final multi-body models represent valuable virtual platforms to clinical diagnostic and treatment planning.

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          Distance regularized level set evolution and its application to image segmentation.

          Chunming Li, Chenyang Xu, Changfeng Gui … (2010)
          Level set methods have been widely used in image processing and computer vision. In conventional level set formulations, the level set function typically develops irregularities during its evolution, which may cause numerical errors and eventually destroy the stability of the evolution. Therefore, a numerical remedy, called reinitialization, is typically applied to periodically replace the degraded level set function with a signed distance function. However, the practice of reinitialization not only raises serious problems as when and how it should be performed, but also affects numerical accuracy in an undesirable way. This paper proposes a new variational level set formulation in which the regularity of the level set function is intrinsically maintained during the level set evolution. The level set evolution is derived as the gradient flow that minimizes an energy functional with a distance regularization term and an external energy that drives the motion of the zero level set toward desired locations. The distance regularization term is defined with a potential function such that the derived level set evolution has a unique forward-and-backward (FAB) diffusion effect, which is able to maintain a desired shape of the level set function, particularly a signed distance profile near the zero level set. This yields a new type of level set evolution called distance regularized level set evolution (DRLSE). The distance regularization effect eliminates the need for reinitialization and thereby avoids its induced numerical errors. In contrast to complicated implementations of conventional level set formulations, a simpler and more efficient finite difference scheme can be used to implement the DRLSE formulation. DRLSE also allows the use of more general and efficient initialization of the level set function. In its numerical implementation, relatively large time steps can be used in the finite difference scheme to reduce the number of iterations, while ensuring sufficient numerical accuracy. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the DRLSE formulation, we apply it to an edge-based active contour model for image segmentation, and provide a simple narrowband implementation to greatly reduce computational cost.
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            Orthodontic measurements on digital study models compared with plaster models: a systematic review.

            P S Fleming, V Marinho, A Johal (2011)
            The aim of this study is to evaluate the validity of the use of digital models to assess tooth size, arch length, irregularity index, arch width and crowding versus measurements generated on hand-held plaster models with digital callipers in patients with and without malocclusion. Studies comparing linear and angular measurements obtained on digital and standard plaster models were identified by searching multiple databases including MEDLINE, LILACS, BBO, ClinicalTrials.gov, the National Research Register and Pro-Quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database, without restrictions relating to publication status or language of publication. Two authors were involved in study selection, quality assessment and the extraction of data. Items from the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy included in Systematic Reviews checklist were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. No meta-analysis was conducted. Comparisons between measurements of digital and plaster models made directly within studies were reported, and the difference between the (repeated) measurement means for digital and plaster models were considered as estimates. Seventeen relevant studies were included. Where reported, overall, the absolute mean differences between direct and indirect measurements on plaster and digital models were minor and clinically insignificant. Orthodontic measurements with digital models were comparable to those derived from plaster models. The use of digital models as an alternative to conventional measurement on plaster models may be recommended, although the evidence identified in this review is of variable quality. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
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              Cone beam computed tomography for assessment of root length and marginal bone level during orthodontic treatment.

              H G Gröndahl, K. Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela, Henrik Lund-Andersen (2010)
              To evaluate the accuracy and precision of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with regard to measurements of root length and marginal bone level in vitro and in vivo during the course of orthodontic treatment. Thirteen patients (aged 12-18 years) from an ongoing study and a dry skull were examined with CBCT using multiplanar reformatting for measurements of root length and marginal bone level. For in vivo evaluation of changes in root length, an index according to Malmgren et al was used, along with a modification of this method. The in vitro mean difference between physical and radiographic measurements was 0.05 mm (SD 0.75) for root length and -0.04 mm (SD 0.54) for marginal bone level. In vivo the error was <0.35 mm for root length determinations and <0.40 mm for marginal bone level assessments. Despite changes in tooth positions, the CBCT technique yields a high level of reproducibility, enhancing its usefulness in orthodontic research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sensors (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sensors (Basel)
                Title: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Publisher: Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1424-8220
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 February 2013
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 2033-2050
                Affiliations
                Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino, n.1–56126 Pisa, Italy; E-Mails: s.barone@ 123456ing.unipi.it (S.B.); a.razionale@ 123456ing.unipi.it (A.V.R.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: a.paoli@ 123456ing.unipi.it ; Tel.: +39-050-221-8019; Fax: +39-050-221-8065.
                Article
                Publisher ID: sensors-13-02033
                DOI: 10.3390/s130202033
                PMC ID: 3649418
                PubMed ID: 23385416
                SO-VID: 6d343d46-d2e6-4aee-bd44-8dd885da3815
                Copyright © © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 December 2012
                Date revision received : 22 January 2013
                Date accepted : 01 February 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: dental cbct images,optical scanning,sensor fusion,tooth segmentation,orthodontic model
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: dental cbct images, optical scanning, sensor fusion, tooth segmentation, orthodontic model

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